Ch 18 - European States, International Wars, and Social Changes

Marie Antoinette

Austrian wife of French King Louis XVI

Robert Walpole

British Prime Minister George I and II permitted to run their governments

John Wilkes

Journalist member of the British parliament whose quarrel with royalty led to reform

Junkers

Prussian ruling class who held most army offices

Maria Theresa

Austrian empress who led political and fiscal reforms

Montcalm

Loser of an empire on the Plains of Abraham

Jethro Tull

Agriculture experimenter who advocated keeping soil loose for air and moisture

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the "water frame" powered spinning wheel

Andrea Palladio

Architect whose classical style influenced country homes of aristocrats

Sisters of Charity

Catholic organization dedicated to helping the poor

France during the 18th century

lost an empire and acquired a huge public debt

Political developments in 18th century Britain included

the increased power of the king's ministers to make public policy

The British aristocracy of the 18th century

allowed the monarchy to maintain some power because of its own factional struggles.

In the 18th century, Prussia's

bureaucracy and military were dominated by Junkers

Prussia's Frederick the Great succeeded in

making Prussia's scattered lands more unified and secure

The War of the Austrian Succession was caused by the fact that in 1740 the heir to the Austrian throne was a

Woman, Maria Theresa

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

was discouraged by the discontent that greeted his reforms.

The reforms of Joseph II included all except

construction of internal trade barriers

Russia's Catherine the Great

followed successfully a policy of expansion against the Turks

The partition of Poland in the late eighteenth century

showed that a nation in these days needed a strong king to survive

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century

never completely overcame the political and social realities of the day, was most successful in strengthening administrative systems in the nation-states, & was limited to policies that did not undermine the interests of the nobility.(all of the above)

During the European phase of the Seven Years' War

Frederick the Great won a battle at Rossbach in Saxony

Warfare on the continent of Europe during the 18th century was characterized by

limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers

The "agricultural revolution" of the 18th century came

through the work of large landholders with new agricultural techniques.

European social order in 18th century:

The progress of the peasants was still hindered by services/fees paid to powerful lords

During the 18th century, European society saw

newly married couples gaining independence from parents

Population growth in the 18th century was due, in part to

the end of the bubonic plague

The 18th century European nobility

played a large role in administering the rising nation-states

The English nobility's country houses

architecturally reflected individualistic trends

The problem of 18th century European poverty was

made worse by the common belief that the poor were criminals

Because many seats in the British Parliament were controlled by one man -- seats from what were called ___ boroughs -- the House of Commons was dominated by the ____ _____

pocket, landed gentry

William Pitt the Younger served King ___ through the times of the ___ Revolution and wars of ___.

George III, French, Napoleon

Frederick the Great of Prussia loved learning so much that he invited the writer ___ to live in his court; and as an enlightened ruler he wanted to grant his subjects freedom of ___ and the ___ and religious ___

Voltaire, speech, press, toleration

When Joseph II succeeded his mother ___ ___ as sole ruler of Austria, he announced that ___ would be the lawmaker of his empire.

Maria Theresa, Philosophy

The peasants' revolt against Catherine the Great of Russia was led by the Cossack ___ ___, who was finally caught and ___, after which Catherine treated as treason any calls for ___ ___.

Emelyan Pugachev, executed, agrarian reform

In 1772 Poland was partitioned and lost ___% of its land and ___% of its people. ___ more such partitions followed within a quarter century.

30, 50, Two

Outside Europe, the Seven Years' War was fought in ___ and in ___, all to determine whether Britain or France would have the greater world-wide ___

India, North America, empire

Rousseau's theories about children may have influenced upper class women to abandon the use of ___ ___ to feed their babies and to begin buying __ and __ designed for children.

wet nurses, clothes, toys

Jethro Tull produced higher crop yields by using a ___ to keep soil ___ and a ___ for planting seed.

hoe, loose, drill

The young English aristocrat on his Grand Tour is said to have stopped in Paris to learn how to act ___, in Florence to learn about ___, and in Venice to meet ___.

sophisticated, art, women

Joseph II begins sole rule in Austria

6th, 1780

Seven Years' War

3rd, 1756-63

Hanoverian Succession in Britain

1st, 1714

Louis XVI begins reign in France

5th, 1774

First Partition of Poland

4th, 1772

Frederick the Great begins reign in Prussia

2nd, 1740

William Pitt the Younger retires from office

7th, 1801