Geography - Theme 3 Development

Development

Development means growth and change, an improvement in living standards including social, cultural, and political welfare as well as economic opportunities.

Economic measures of development

GNI pc - Gross national income per capita

PPP - Purchasing power Parity

GNI pc

Gross national income per capita.

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country plus taxes and income from abroad in one year, divided by the total population.

Statistics for GNI per capita

UK (2021) - $45,550

Ethiopia (2022) - $1,028

Purchasing Power Parity

The average earnings to the ability to buy goods. (How much you can buy for your money)

Statistics for Purchasing power parity

UK- $58,900

India - $10,200

Social measures of development?

Life expectancy

Birth rate

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live calculated at the time of their birth

Statistics for Life expectancy

UK - 81yrs

Sierra Leone - 56yrs

Birth rate

The number of births per 1000 in a country in one year

Statistics for Birth rate

UK (2023) - 1.49

Niger (2021) - 6.82

Composite measures of development.

HDI - Human development Index

MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index

Human Development Index

Human development index. The HDI gives each country a score based on its populations combined income, length of life and education. Each variable is given a score ranging from 1 (best) to 0 (the worst). HDI is the average score, also ranging from 1 to 0 of the three variables.

Statistics for Human Development Index

Norway - .939

Niger - .274

What is MPI

Multidimensional Poverty Index. Provides a more holistic view of poverty. Measures poverty using 3 dimensions health, education and standard of living.

How is the Multidimensional Poverty Index calculated

It is calculated by combining the incidence of poverty with the intensity of poverty. The MPI ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents no poverty and 1 represents universal poverty.

Statistics for Multidimensional poverty index

UK - less than 0.001

Niger - 0.59

Indicators for multidimensional poverty index (10 indicators )

• Child mortality

• Nutrition

• Years of schooling

• Access to clean drinking water

• Housing

• Sanitation

• Electricity

How is the multidimensional poverty index calculated

It is calculated by combining the incidence of poverty with the intensity of poverty. The MPI ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents no poverty and 1 represents universal poverty.