2.1: blood

blood

-is connective tissue: contains ____ + _____ matrix

functions

-transport, ____, regulation

cells, extracellular, protection

components of blood

plasma

~45-65% of blood volume

~90% water

~8% proteins

→albumin: protein for ____, primary influence on osmotic pressure (keeps fluid inside vessels)

→globulins: for ____

→fibrinogen: for ____

→serum = plasma without fibrogen

~2% other solutes like gasses, nutrients, hormones

transport, immunity, clotting

components of blood

red blood cells aka ____

~35-55% of total blood volume: hematocrit

erythrocytes

components of blood

buffy coat

-white blood cells aka ___

<1% of total blood volume

leukocytes

components of blood

.

viscosity

-resistance to flow of a liquid

-whole blood: ___ times as viscous as water

-plasma: ___ times as viscous as water

-changes to viscosity can impact ___ ___

5, 2, circulatory functions

osmolarity

-concentration of ___ ___ in plasma

-determines movement of water, based on ___ ____

-high blood osmolarity: water moves into blood vessels → ____ (decreased/ increased) blood pressure

-low blood osmolarity: water moves out of blood vessels → edema (swelling due to buildup of fluid)

-body regulates Na+, proteins, RBSs to maintain optimal blood viscosity & osmolarity

dissolved particles, osmotic pressure, increased

hemopoiesis: blood production

-all blood cells begin as ______ (HSCs)

-fetal: red bone marrow, liver, spleen

-postnatal: red bone marrow

→extramedullary hemopoiesis: liver & spleen can still contribute to hemopoiesis in severe ___

hemopoietic stem cells, illness

erythrocytes

-primary function: _____: hemoglobin

-plasma membrane proteins

→antigen: ____

→cytoskeletal proteins: ____

-lose all internal organelles during maturation

→no nucleus/ DNA

→no mitochondria: rely on aerobic respiration

gas transport, blood type, durability

hemoglobin (Hb)

-4 protein chains

→each has a heme group

→each heme group has 1 ____

→oxygenation influences color

→% saturation: % of _____

→iron atom at center binds oxygen

oxygen, heme groups occupied by oxygen

erythropoiesis: red blood cell (___) production

→cells take ~5 days to mature

→lifespan of about 120 days

-requires erythropoietin (EPO)

→released by ___ in response to hypoxia

→stimulates erythropoiesis in ___ marrow

→more RBCs = greater gas transport

→synthetic EPO administered for anemia, kidney failure

RBC, kidneys, bone

erythropoiesis

also requires:

iron

→some iron lost daily via urine, feces, injuries, menstruation

→dietary iron helps replenish losses

vitamin B12

→primarily from animal sources

→requires intrinsic factor (protein that binds to food for) for absorption

.

anemia

-RBC or ___ deficiency

causes:

-hypoplastic/ aplastic anemia: inadequate ___

-hemorrhagic anemia: ___ loss

-hemolytic anemia: ___ destruction

-pernicious anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency

consequences:

-impaired gas transport

-tissue hypoxia

erythropoiesis, blood, RBC

blood types

-based on interactions between antigens & antibodies

antigens: _____

-used to _____

antibodies: _____

-each matches specific ___

-bind to mark antigens for destruction

cell surface proteins, distinguish self cells from foreign cells

proteins formed by immune system, antigen

blood types

ABO groups

-determined by hereditary presence/ absence of ____ on RBC membranes

antigens A & B

blood types: Rh group

Rh+: antigen D ____ (absent/ present)

Rh-: antigen D ____(absent/ present)

present, absent

agglutination

-immune system produces antibodies for ______

→bind to ___ RBC surface antigens

→can match to several RBCs at once→agglutination

nonself blood antigens, matching

-reactions used to determine blood type

-important consideration for transfusions

→mismatched blood can cause hemolytic transfusion reaction

→O- blood is universal ____

→AB+ blood is universal ___

donor, receiver

maternal-fetal mismatch

-expectant mother carrying fetus with mismatched blood type

→___ mismatch most severe

-first pregnancy not typically impacted

→not maternal immune system can start to develop anti-D antibodies

-antibodies can enter fetal circulation during subsequent pregnancies

→agglutination of fetal blood can lead to hemolytic anemia

-Rh mothers typically medicated at ~28 weeks to prevent reaction

→prevents development of maternal Rh antibodies

Rh

leukocytes

-immune response cells: defend body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, tumor cells

list its characteristics:

no hemoglobin (oxygen transport), retain all organelles, can leave bloodstream, several different types

platelets

list its characteristics

-not true cells: fragments of larger cells

-tiny but abundant

-no nucleus: but have other organelles

-important of hemostasis: cessation of bleeding

hemostasis

1) vascular spasm: ____

triggered by: rupture of broken vessel, chemical release of platelets

-adjacent vessels also constrict

-minimizes blood loss

2) platelet plug forms

-rupture disrupts prostacyclin (platelet repellant) coating, exposes collagen fibers

-platelets develop pseudopods: projections that allow ____

-mass of platelets block rupture

3) coagulation (clotting)

-procoagulants start a complex reaction cascade

-___ converted into ____

-fibrin sticks to platelets, blood cells, & walls of blood vessel

→forms a clot to seal broken vessel

constriction of broken vessels, platelets to stick to vessel wall & to each other, plasma fibrinogen, fibrin

vessel repair

-clot retraction: ____ → _____

-platelets secrete growth factors to _____

-fibroblasts produce ____

-fibrinolysis

→2nd reaction cascade produces plasmin

→plasmin breaks down ___ → allows clot to ____

-dried external clot = scab

platelet pseudopods contract, close vessel & make clot more compact, induce cell division in vessel wall, collagen, fibrin, dissipate,

thrombosis: abnormal clotting of blood in unbroken vessel (usually veins)

-occlusive thrombus: ___

-embolus: ____

→can potentially block other vessels: embolism

-can be treated with anticoagulants

blocks flow of blood, blood clot travels in bloodstream