Development of Canadian Federalism Flashcards

Flashcards to help Secondary 4 students review their notes on the development of Canadian Federalism from 1840-Present.

Who did the British government send to investigate the causes of the Rebellions for Lower Canada?

Lord Durham was sent by the British government to investigate the causes of the Rebellions in Lower Canada.

What were Lord Durham's main recommendations?

Lord Durham recommended assimilating the French-Canadiens, increasing British immigration, uniting Upper and Lower Canada, and granting Canada a Responsible Government.

How did the British Parliament respond to Durham's recommendations?

The British Parliament responded by creating the Act of Union in 1840 and not granting Canada a Responsible Government.

What consequence did the Act of Union of 1840 have on the French Canadians?

The Act of Union of 1840 made French Canadians a minority in the Assembly and outlawed the use of French in the Assembly.

What political changes occurred after the Act of Union of 1840?

After the Act of Union of 1840, radicals were replaced by moderates willing to work together for a Responsible Government.

Who were the main moderate leaders of the unified Assembly?

Robert Baldwin from Canada West and Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine from Canada East.

How did the politicians from the Assembly cooperate and for what purpose?

Politicians from Canada West approved the use of French, while those from Canada East approved budgets favoring trade to obtain a Responsible Government.

What is a Responsible Government and when did United Canada get it?

A Responsible Government is when the Assembly can choose members of the Executive Council, allowing them to make laws, which United Canada obtained in 1848.

What was the Bagot Commission?

The Bagot Commission was created to learn about Indian Affairs, leading to the creation of reserves to shift First Nations towards a sedentary agricultural lifestyle.

What happened to the economy of Canada in the 1840s?

The Canadian economy crashed when the British government removed its protective tariffs (Corn Laws), but it increased trade between Canada and the USA.

What is the Reciprocity Treaty?

The Reciprocity Treaty was a trade agreement signed between Canada and the USA in 1854 that allowed Canada to ship wheat and timber to American markets.

What tensions arose in Montreal in the late 1840s?

A mob of Conservatives burnt down the Parliament of Montreal in retaliation for the Rebellion Losses Bill, ending Montreal’s tenure as the capital.

What is Ultramontanism?

Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy pushing the power of the Church over secular political leaders, and Ignace Bourget was its leader in Quebec.

What is the Anticlerical Movement?

The Anticlerical Movement wanted to separate the Church from the State, especially in education; Its main opposition came from the Parti Patriote, Parti Rouge and L’Institut Canadien.

Why did the British colonies consider unification in the 1860s?

Unstable governments, fear of American expansion, poor markets for Canadian goods, and the need to split the cost of an intercolonial railroad.

What was the Great Coalition?

A political alliance between John A. Macdonald, George-Etienne Cartier, and George Brown with the goal to unify the colonies of British North America

What were the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences?

Two meetings held in the fall of 1864 where political leaders of the British colonies of Canada discussed uniting the colonies to form a country.

What was one of the fears in Canada East (Quebec) about a union of all the Canadian colonies?

French-Canadians feared that they would lose their language rights, their religious institutions, and their laws and culture.

What was the London Conference?

Held in London in 1866 was the final conference, which resulted in the creation of Canada. Delegates from the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick gathered with officials of the British government to draft the British North America Act.

What was the British North America Act and when did it occur?

Created the Dominion of Canada on July 1st, 1867.

How were the powers divided in Canada?

Federal powers included criminal law, postal service, banking, defence, Indian affairs, and transportation; Provincial powers included education, health, municipal governments, roads, and natural resources.

Why was Canada called a dominion, and not a country, in 1867?

Britain held back foreign affairs, foreign trade, and constitutional amendment powers.

What was the National Policy?

Created in 1879, it was John A. MacDonald’s economic program to improve Canada’s economy.

What were the 3 main parts of the National Policy?

Increase customs duties, build a Transcontinental railroad, and encourage immigration to Western Canada.

What was the Pacific Scandal?

It involved bribing members to influence the railroad contract which led to the resignation of John A. Macdonald, and a transfer of power to a Liberal government led by Alexander Mackenzie.

For what reasons did the McDonald government support the colonization of the Prairies?

Immigrants could grow enough wheat to feed Canada and they constituted a new market for Canadian manufactured goods.

What did the Canadian government do to promote the colonization of the Prairies?

The Dominion Lands Act promised future immigrants 160 acres of land for farming in the Prairies.

What started the Red River Rebellion?

It was sparked by the transfer of the Northwest territories to Canada. The Métis feared for their culture and land rights. They rebelled and created their own government to negotiate terms for entering Confederation.

How was the Métis conflict finally resolved?

The Métis were given Manitoba, in exchange for allowing the Transcontinental railroad to go through their land.

What effects did the Transcontinental railroad have on the Métis and Amerindians of the Prairies?

It displaced them from their land and killed the buffalo, thus destroying their way of life.

What was the Northwest Rebellion and what were its results?

It was a fight between the Canadian military and the Métis and the Amerindians in Saskatchewan in 1885; It resulted in the capture and trial of Louis Riel.

What happened to the rural population of Quebec in the late 19th century?

People left the farms to find jobs in factories in the cities of Montreal, Quebec and Sherbrooke, which increased the urban population and decreased the rural population.

What was the French-Canadian exodus of the late 19th century?

It was a period between 1850 and 1900 when 500 thousand French Canadians emigrated to the USA.

What was the cause of the French Canadian exodus?

Overcrowding on the seigneuries and better paying jobs in factories in the USA.

What did the Quebec government and the Catholic Clergy do to try stop the exodus of French-Canadians?

It encouraged them to colonize new areas of Quebec, like the Laurentians and Gaspé and it subsidized the building of new railroads in Quebec during the late 19th century.

What is Agriculturalism?

It rejected the industrial world and valued farming and encouraged a “return to the land” and it promoted traditional values like family, Catholicism and the French language.

How did the first phase of Industrialization affect Quebec?

New factories were created in the cities, the rural population moved to the cities in search of jobs in factories and new working-class districts sprung up in the cities.

What is Industrial Capitalism?

It is a profit driven economy based on businessmen who make profit by selling goods produced by their workers It led to the creation of factories in cities.

What were some of the defining characteristics of the first phase of Industrialization?

Coal was the source of energy for the factory machines, the capital for investments came from the British and Canadian entrepreneurs and the goods produced were mostly sold in Canadian markets. Trains and steamships were the main modes of transportation. Factories were located in the big cities and and most factories produced textiles, leather, food and tobacco.

What were the working conditions like in the factories?

Long hours; workers put in 12 hour shifts and worked 6 days a week, dangerous machines; workers were often killed or lost limbs. Child labour was common and the factories were cold, damp, dark and dirty.

What role did workers unions play in the late 19th century?

They were created to protect workers from the abuses of factory owners and workers started to go on strike to demand better pay and better working conditions.

What measures did the government take to protect factory workers?

The Quebec Factories Act was adopted to establish a minimum work age and to limit the working hours in a week

In what areas of Quebec did the pulp and paper industry develop?

The pulp and paper mills were mostly in the regions of Sherbrooke, the Outaouais and the Mauricie

What changes occurred in Quebec agriculture during this era?

Farmers switched from growing wheat to dairy farming and some areas started producing specialty crops such as tobacco, apples and vegetables. Many farmers began to farm with modern machinery (tractors)

What was the purpose of the Indian Act of 1876?

It created reserves by making all remaining Amerindian land property of the Canadian government and it was meant to regulate every aspect of Amerindian life and make them dependent on the Canadian government

What are Residential schools?

These schools were meant to assimilate the Amerindians by forcing them to abandon their culture and language. Amerindian children were often forcibly taken from their parents and only returned to them once they had been fully assimilated.

What problems arose in regards to Federal and Provincial relations?

It was more confrontational as Macdonald’s government tried to gain powers at the expense of the provinces. Honoré Mercier, the premier of Quebec, and Oliver Mowat, the premier of Ontario, worked together to protect provincial powers from the Federal government.

What was the purpose of the first interprovincial conference of 1887?

It was organized in Quebec to protect the autonomy of the provinces. The provinces also demanded a greater share of the tax revenue collected by Canada. The provinces eventually complained to Britain about Macdonald’s interference and Britain finally sided with the provinces against Macdonald.

What was the Boer War and what impact did it have on Canada?

Britain annexed South Africa to its empire and wanted Canada to provide military support in the war between 1899 and 1902. English-Canadians wanted to send soldiers to help in the War, but French-Canadians were against it. Laurier tried to compromise

What was the Naval Act of 1910?

It was a bill passed by the Laurier government to create the Canadian navy. This bill was opposed by Henri Bourassa and French-Canadian Nationalists who worried that the creation of a Canadian navy would result in Canada’s involvement in all of the British Empire’s wars

What other changes occurred in Montreal at the beginning of the 20th century thanks to Urbanization?

There was a need for infrastructure to accommodate the needs of the growing population, such as streetlights, running water, big department stores, schools and hospitals.

What were the major characteristics of the 2nd phase of Industrialization?

It was based on the exploitation of natural resources such as: copper, aluminum, nickel, and pulp and paper, and the capital (money) was invested by Americans.

How were the working conditions in Quebec factories at the beginning of the 20th century?

The hours were still long and the wages for women were still lower than men. The Canadian Federation of Labour was formed in 1902 to protect factory workers.

What were Cooperatives?

They were organizations that promote the pooling of resources and profit-sharing. Alphonse Desjardins founded the first cooperative bank which became Caisses Desjardins.

How did Canada react to the outbreak of World War 1?

Canada was forced to join because Britain still controlled its foreign affairs and this caused deep division between French and English in Canada on whether Canada should send soldiers to fight in the war.

What was the Conscription Crisis of 1917?

Prime Minister Robert Borden imposed military service on all Canadian men between the ages of 18 and 45 to increase the number of Canadian soldiers in the war. Most French Canadians were bitterly opposed to Conscription.

What right did women acquire during World War 1?

They got the right to vote in Federal elections on January 1st, 1918

What resulted for Canada from its participation in World War 1?

Canada obtained greater independence in foreign affairs from Britain after the war. The Statute of Westminster of 1931 officially gives Canada full control of its foreign affairs

What was the Great Depression?

It was an economic crisis which lasted from 1929 until 1939

What event triggered the Great Depression?

It started when the New York Stock Exchange crashed on October 24, 1929. That day became known as Black Thursday

How did the Great Depression impact Canadians daily lives?

Factory workers faced unemployment and reduced wages and numerous families were evicted from their homes. Marriages were delayed and fewer children were born. The poor ate at soup kitchens and slept in shelters

What solutions did the government come up with to combat the Depression?

Public Works projects were manual labour was used to build roads, dig drainage ditches and build parks, Direct Aid was given to the poorest in the form of coupons which could be exchanged for food and clothing and Back to Land policies where the Quebec government sent families to colonize Abitibi, Gaspesie and Cote-Nord

What impact did the Great Depression have on Canadian politics?

New political parties, such as the CCF, the New Democratic Party and Union Nationale, were created and Health care and unemployment insurance were created in Canada

What is “Le roman du terroir”?

They were French Canadian novels that featured conservative and traditional nationalism. They emphasized the importance of maintaining Catholicism and the French language

What reforms did the Godbout government undertake in Quebec?

It nationalized the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company creating Hydro-Quebec in 1944, made school compulsory until the age of 14 and granted women the right to vote in Quebec elections

What was the War Measures Act?

It was a law passed during World War 2 that gave the Canadian government strong powers, such as Control of all income and corporate taxes and the right to issue family allowances

How did World War 2 impact Canada?

Canada had full employment as people were making war supplies. The Canadian government centralized production, setting wages in the factories and limited the number of workers’ strikes

What were the differences between Canada’s participation in both World Wars?

In World War 1: Canada had to join the war when Britain did and Canadian soldiers were under the command of British generals. In World War 2: Canada had the option to join or not and Canada had its own army commanded by Canadian generals

What was the 2nd Conscription Crisis about?

Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had promised not to have Conscription at the beginning of the war. However, when things started to go badly, he held a Plebiscite to ask Canadians to let him break his earlier promise

In what capacity did women participate in World War 2 and what rights did they gain?

They replaced men in the factories. The right to vote in Quebec elections in 1940 thanks to Therese Casgrain. Nurseries and daycares were started for women who worked

What is Americanism?

It’s an adoption in Quebec of the American way of life after World War 2. Quebecers start buying a multitude of American products (cars, food, records, tvs)

What were the main characteristics of a consumer society?

Mass consumption emerged as people had the power to purchase the goods that they needed, credit became more accessible and advertising became a popular means of encouraging people to buy products

What was the Baby Boom?

It was a period between 1945 and 1960 where the birth rate and the population in Canada rose dramatically

How did urban agglomerations develop?

The development of infrastructure, such as highways, allowed fast and easy access to the suburbs. New factories in the suburbs created jobs.

What is Conservatism?

It values a traditional rural way of life for French Canadians where the Church maintains its traditional hold over the people. The two people most associated with Conservatism in Quebec are Maurice Duplesssis.

Who was Maurice Duplessis?

He was the leader of L’Union Nationale and Premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and then from 1944 to 1959

What was La Grande Noirceur?

It was the period between 1945 and 1959 when Maurice Duplessis, l’Union Nationale and the Catholic Church ruled French Canadians in Quebec with an iron fist.

What was the Padlock Law?

It was meant to protect Quebec against the influence of Communism. It gave the authorities the power to close an establishment suspected of harboring communists

What is Clerico-Nationalism?

French-Canadians who believed that a rural way of would safeguard their culture.

What ideas did Lionel Groulx stress?

He stressed the importance of French Canadians gaining greater autonomy in order to protect their identity

What was the difference between Henri Bourassa’s brand of Nationalism and Lionel Groulx’s?

For Henri Bourassa, French Canadians and English Canadians formed one nation: the Canadian nation. For Lionel Groulx, only French Canadians formed a nation and it was in Quebec

What characteristics defined the government of Maurice Duplessis?

He opposed health care, he favoured rural areas over urban areas and he was against unions

In what manner did la Côte-Nord and Nouveau-Québec benefit from Duplessis’ policies?

These regions were coveted by Americans for their huge supply of iron. Mining towns such as Schefferville and Gagnon were established. Railways were built in order to ship the iron to ports along the St.Lawrence

Who opposed Duplessis and his policies?

Unions; their workers wanted better conditions and salaries. Intellectuals; they were university students who wanted a better system of public education. Media; these were the artists, musicians and journalists.

What is Secularism

It aimed to limit the influence of the Church in the matters of State

What was the Quiet Revolution?

The Liberal party, led by Jean Lesage, wanted the Quebec government to get more involved in Quebec’s economy and everyday life.

What is a Welfare State?

It’s a government that intervenes socially and economically with the objective of improving the well-being of the entire population

What social trends occur in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution?

A move towards secularization as the Church loses control over education and health. Women gain greater independence and rights and are granted full legal status in 1964

Why does the birthrate decrease in Quebec in the 1960s?

The use of birth control pills increased the presence of Women were in the labour market

How did Canada’s immigration policy change?

It ended measures that limited immigration from non-Western countries. It introduced immigration criteria based on a candidate’s training and the needs of the labour market

What were the main reforms of the Quiet Revolution?

Hospital insurance was created, Hydro-Quebec gains the monopoly of the electricity industry and a significant increase in the number of civil servants occurred.

What was the impact the Parent report?

It created a quality public education system and it created the Department of Education in 1964

What is Bill 63?

the Act to Promote the French Language which allowed parents to choose the language of instruction for their children introducing French Second-Language classes in English schools and sought to integrate immigrants into French schools

What social measures does the Bourassa government adopt?

It adopts the Health Insurance Act giving Quebecers access to free medical services, it creates the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms which recognized that all individuals are equal and it passed the Official Language Act (Bill 22) which made French the official language of Quebec.1

How did Bourassa contribute to the Hydroelectric development of Quebec?

Its most ambitious project to stimulate economic growth was focus on creating numerous hydroelectric dams on La Grande Rivière (LG) in Baie-James

How did Neo-Nationalism distinguish itself from Traditional Nationalism?

Traditional Nationalism emphasized Catholicism whereas Neo-Nationalism established that French-Canadians shared a stronger sense of belonging to the Quebec territory

How did Neo-Nationalism take on a political dimension?

Two new political parties promoted Quebec independence

What caused the October Crisis of 1970?

The kidnapping of diplomat James Cross and the murder of Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte by the FLQ, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act which allowed the Canadian army to occupy the province of Quebec.

What occurred when the Parti Quebecois came to power in 1976?

René Lévesque became the Premier of Quebec. He promised to consult the population in the form of a referendum before declaring Quebec a sovereign country

What is the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101)?

Required the people from immigrant origin attend a Francophone school until the end of High School and It imposed French on commercial and public signs