Development of Canadian Federalism Flashcards

Development of Canadian Federalism (1840-1896)

• Rebellions Consequences: Lord Durham looks into rebellions, thinks French-Canadiens are not as good as British people.

• Durham's Recommendations: Make French-Canadiens more like British, bring in more British people, join Upper and Lower Canada, give power to the people.

• Act of Union (1840): Upper and Lower Canada join, but people don't get power.

• French-Canadiens: Become fewer, can't use French in government.

• Political Changes: Less crazy people, more normal people trying to get power for the people.

• Moderate Leaders: Robert Baldwin (Canada West), Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine (Canada East).

• Cooperation: Canada West says French is okay, Canada East says yes to trade money. Want power for the people.

• Responsible Government: People in charge chosen by Assembly (1848).

• Bagot Commission: Making special areas for First Nations to farm.

• Economy in 1840s: British Corn Laws gone, Canada's economy bad.

• Reciprocity Treaty (1854): Trade deal with USA to fix the economy.

• Montreal Tensions (1849): Government building burns, Montreal not capital anymore.

• Ultramontanism: Church has power over leaders (Ignace Bourget).

• Anticlerical Movement: Separate Church and State.

• Unification Considerations (1860s): Unstable governments, scared of America, bad markets, expensive railroads.

• Great Coalition: Macdonald, Cartier, Brown join colonies.

• Charlottetown & Quebec Conferences: Talked about joining colonies (1864).

• Canada East Fears: Losing language, religion, laws, culture.

• London Conference (1866): Final meeting to create Canada (British North America Act).

• British North America Act: Canada created July 1st, 1867 (Confederation).

• Federal Powers (Section 91): Laws, mail, banks, army, First Nations, transportation.

• Provincial Powers (Section 92): Schools, health, local governments, roads, resources.

• Dominion Status: Britain controls foreign stuff, trade, and changing the rules.

• National Policy (1879): John A. MacDonald's money plan.

• National Policy - 3 Parts: More taxes, build railroad, get more people to come here.

• Pacific Scandal: Bribes make Macdonald quit.

• Colonization of Prairies: Get food for Canada, new places to sell stuff.

• Dominion Lands Act: Promise 160 acres of land to farm in the Prairies.

• Red River Rebellion: Métis scared of losing culture and land.

• Métis Resolution: Manitoba created, railroad access, Louis Riel leaves.

• Transcontinental Railroad Effects: Métis/Amerindians lose land, buffalo die.

• Northwest Rebellion (1885): Métis/Amerindians fight Canada, Riel caught.

• Rural Quebec Population: Move to cities (Montreal, Quebec, Sherbrooke).

• French-Canadian Exodus: Leave for USA (1850-1900).

• Exodus Cause: Too many people, better jobs in USA.

• Quebec Government/Clergy Response: Start new towns, pay for railroads.

• Agriculturalism: Farming is good, old ways are good.

• First Phase Industrialization Effects: Factories, cities, poor areas.

• Industrial Capitalism: Make money, factories.

• First Phase - Characteristics: Coal power, British/Canadian money, Canadian markets, trains/steamships, textiles/leather/food factories.

• Factory Working Conditions: Long days, dangerous, kids work, bad conditions.

• Worker Unions: Help workers, want better stuff.

• Government Measures: Quebec Factories Act (oldest age to work, less hours).

• Pulp and Paper Industry: Sherbrooke, Outaouais, Mauricie.

• Quebec Agriculture: More dairy, special foods, new machines