Apush 100 terms

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States. First legal restriction immigration law in US history.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction in exchange for Rutherford Hayes to take office. He agreed to remove military from South. This returned it back to a democratic dominated electoral politics.

Credit Mobiler Scandal

1872 - Union Pacific Insiders Created Credit Mobiler construction; hired themselves and inflated the prices to build it, and they had to bribe people, all the way up to the VP

Homestead strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when enforcement was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by over speculation on railroads and western lands and when one of largest banks shut down

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the NYC Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

American Federation of Labor

a labor unions founded by Samuel Gompers they wanted to organize all protesters into one single entity to help with protest. They wanted to reform capitalism not remove it completely

Haymarket Riot

Worker riot in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition to create a monopoly. Ex. Rockefeller who bought out all competing oil refineries

Knights of Labor

labor union by Terence Powderly that sought to organize all workers (regardless of gender or race)

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for monopolies with too much control

Social Darwinists

Theorists who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, arguing that poorer and weaker segments of society deserved it due to naturalization selection in society.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)

Group founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony to promote the idea of women's suffrage (right to vote) During WWI, they supported and lauded the women's role in the allied victory. Helped to achieve the 19th amendment

New immigrants (1880s-1924)

• Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe that congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, that worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and trades. He believed segregated vocational was the first step to racial equality

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the houses immigrants lived, and the education of poverty of them too

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, dismantled American Indian lands, to set up individual households. Sold the leftover land to civilize/assimilate them

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

George Custer

United States general in the civil war and American Indian wars. Him and his men were killed at the battle of Little Bighorn while fighting a coalition of tribes (1839-1876)

Battle of Wounded Knee

Massacred of 200 Native Americans and 29 US soldiers in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

an agreement (1901) between the US and Britain giving the United States the sole right to build a canal across Central America connecting the Atlantic and pacific oceans. But it violated the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, but when Britain revised the terms it showed the closer ties between the US and Britain

USS Maine

American ship that exploded while watching over Cuba in Havana harbor. With a loss of 260 soldiers. Many believed it was from a Spanish mine/attack. Led to Spanish-American war

McKinley Tariff

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force,

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: expanding the powers of presidency, the federal government, moderate reform, and had an active role in world politics (Asia, Europe)

Rough Riders

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. Which also applies to imported goods too.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman who built the largest newspaper chain (The New York Journal) and helped create and propagate yellow journalism

Allies (WWI)

Great Britain, France, and Russia, later joined by the US during WWI

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany, Ottoman, Bulgaria Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I; they sank many Allied ships around the British Isles.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations after WWI

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Lost Generation

Either a generation that came of age during/just after World War I. Or a group of artists of writers that left the US and ejected America's post war ideals

Henry Ford

American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the developer of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who was a leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance.

Immigration act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants (Specifically Eastern Europe and Asia)

Ku Klux Klan (1920)

1920 was the rebirth of the KKK. They expanded their targets to immigrants, Catholics, and Urban Women. They weren't confined to the South, but was country wide. With more violent acts like cross burnings, rallies, and parades and marches denouncing those groups.

Palmer Raids

Attempts by US department of Justice to raid, arrest, and deport anarchists, communists, and radicals believed to have connections to communism

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

a multinational pact that outlawed war as instrument of national policy. As well as tie the US into many protective alliances directed against a possible resurgence of German aggression

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving the Secretary of Interior. Albert Fall leasing a former United States Navy oil reserve to a private oil company. He was convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand immediate bonus payment to alleviate economic hardships from the Great Depression

Atlantic Charter

British and American statement of their vision and goals for the world after WWII

Lend-Lease Bill

Provided U.S. military aid to foreign allies during World War II.

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's 1937 speech that proposed for international quarantine of aggressor nations as alternative to neutrality and nonintervention

ABC-1 Agreement

An agreement between Britain and the United States for World War II, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning and protect the British Commonwealth.

Bracero Program

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage in agriculture and railroads (Texas)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities, end discriminatory policies, and endorse nonviolent direct action

Executive Order 9066

the order given by President Roosevelt to relocate and detain any area of group of people. Though used against those of Japanese ancestry, to internment camps

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb during WWII

Potsdam Conference

The final meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union to discuss terms and peace settlements at the end of WWII

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies.

Women Army Corps (WAC)

Allowed women to volunteer in noncombat positions in the army

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during WWII by Franklin Roosevelt

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city because they wanted the allied forces to leave the city

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic orders. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank

Containment Doctrine

President Harry Truman’s foreign policy for the U.S. to isolate the Soviet Union to contain its advances by peaceful or coercive means. By creating alliances and helping weak countries against Soviet advances

Employment Act of 1946

law signed by President Truman that assigned to the federal government the responsibility for promoting full employment, control inflation, and stabilize pricing

Gl Bill

This law helped returning WWII soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans, grants, and job training to help them buy homes and farms and set up small businesses.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigatory body established to expose communist influence in American government and society

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey (open declaration for the Cold War)

Yalta Conference

strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to plan the final defeat of nazi Germany

Beat Generation

generation of artists and writers who rejected traditional and social norms and we're influenced by psychedelic drugs, zen Buddhism, and free sexuality

Checkers Speech

Speech by Nixon that defended himself about accepting illegal donations

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A battle of Indochina War between French Vietnamese Viet Minh communist forces. victory of Vietnamese forces over the French, causing French to leave Vietnam and all Indochina (ended the war)

Operation Wetback

U.S. immigration law enforcement campaign that resulted in the mass deportation of illegal Mexican workers

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Multinational organization between Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela to coordinate petroleum policies and provide aid to each other

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite that was from the Soviet Union and began the race for space between the Russians and Americans

Suez Crisis

Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal. And British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. Marked rising importance of oil

Feminine mystique

popular feminist book byBetty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

Black Panther Party

A group formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Scale. They provided aid to black neighborhoods from police brutality; often thought of as radical or violent.

Freedom Summer

A effort to register more African American voters and to fight voter intimidation and discrimination at the pools

Great Society

Political slogan by president Lyndon Johnson to name his legislative program of national reform

Six Day War

Short conflict between Egypt and their allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel won and gaining 4x the territory

Detente (Cold War)

French word for the release of tension. It was a period of lowering of tensions between the Soviet Union and the US with increased trades, improved relations, and dishing of nuclear arms treaties

My Lai Massacre

a massacre of unarmed women and children in by American troops in a Vietnamese village this deepened American people's anti-war sentiment

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that had been showed to the public by The NY Times about how they have been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

"smoking gun" tape

Recordings of Nixon's acknowledgment of the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. Led to a complete breakdown in congressional support for Nixon after the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to the House Judiciary Committee

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A proposed Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. But despite public supported was defeated in the House

SALT II

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader and President Jimmy Carter to curtail the manufacture of strategic missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1979 kidnapping of American Embassy hostages by Muslim militants. Poisoned US and Iranian relations

Black Monday

largest single-day drop in stock market history, occurred

Iran-Contra Affair

secret U.S. arms deal of selling arms to Iran to gain release of U.S. hostages. The money was then sent to the Contras, who were fighting communism, in Nicaragua. Reagan denied involvement but threatened his presidency

Glasnost and Perestroika

Two reform movements in Russia. Glasnost was meant to provide opportunities to share new ideas. Perestroika was intended to give businesses more freedom for innovation and competition. The sudden change to the stagnant economy led to collapse of the USSR

Reganomics

the economic policies of Ronald Regan; also called supply-side economics. Regan hoped to promote growth and investment by deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper and middle income Americans

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

Reagan's proposed missile-defense system; deploying lasers in space that would destroy enemy missiles before they could reach their targets (Soviet Union). It was funded but roused up debate over implications

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada. Eliminated traded barriers and tariffs between them

Whitewater

Series of controversies of dealings with Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, that launched a campaign that arrested their partners but no evidence incriminating them was found

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization. Eventually disbanding but continuing to oppose foreign presences in Islamic lands

Guantanamo Detention Camp

Controversial prison facility that held suspected terrorists but allegedly violated legal rights under Geneva convention, along with torture and abuse allegations

WMD

weapons of mass destruction. Mostly used to refer to nuclear weapons during the Cold War.