Immunology Exam 1

Which type of immunity is more short-term when it comes to fighting infections?

Passive Immunity

Which type of immunity occurs from the injection of a vaccination?

Active Immunity

_______ is a foreign substance that can bind to an antibody or a T-cell to create an immune respone.

Antigen

Which of the following are mediated by antibodies present in the fluids of the body, such as plasma, to fight off infection?

Humoral Immunity

Which of the following are mediated by antigen specific T-cells and nonspecific cells of the immune system?

Cell-mediated Immunity

______ is a type of immunity that can transfer antibodies from one individual to another.

Passive Immunity

Which type of immunity forms from an infection in order to recognize, eliminate and remember the pathogen to prevent further infections?

Adaptive Immunity

Which of the following types of immunity is more pathogen specific?

Adaptive Immunity

What type of response occurs when the body is exposed to an antigen multiple times?

Secondary Response

A technique for quantitating the presence of a specific antibody in a sample using an enzyme-linked, colorimetric reaction called ______.

Indirect ELSA

______ are a type that all lineages of mature blood cells arise from.

Hemopoietic Stem Cells

A circulating, granulocyte that attacks pathogens through phagocytosis is best known by which of the following terms?

Neutrophil

A cell that gives rise to cells of the myeloid lineage is best known as which of the following terms?

Myeloid Progenitor Cell

______ give rise to platelets in order to help form clots when any vessels in the body are damaged.

Megakaryocytes

When ______ are activated they can directly (i.e., the cells interact with a pathogen) or indirectly (i.e., the cells release something to interact with a pathogen) slow the pathogens activity in the body.

Granulocytes

Which type of the following gives rise to cells such as granulocytes and monocytes?

Common Myeloid Progenitors

Which of the following give rise to T- lymphocytes?

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Which of the following best describes the thymus?

Primary Lymphoid Organ

White pulp is found in which of the following primary or secondary lymphoid organs?

Spleen

_____ are a class of large, granular, cytotoxic lymphocytes that do not have T-cell or B-cell receptors?

NK cells

A cell with the capacity to internalize and also degrade microbes or certain antigens is better known as which of the following types of cells?

Phagocyte

Which of the following cell types carry oxygen from cells to tissues?

Erythrocytes

______ can migrate to tissues in the body when exposed to an infection, and ultimately differentiate into macrophages.

Monocytes

Which of the following give rise to innate lymphoid cells?

Common Lymphoid Progenitors

Which of the following give rise to platelets?

Common Myeloid Progenitors

Which of the following best describes the mucosal- associated lymphoid tissues?

Secondary Lymphoid Organ

Red pulp is found in which of the following primary or secondary lymphoid organs?

Spleen

A hydrogen bond involves which of the following?

An attraction between partially-charged atoms in two different molecules.

The amino-terminal portions of immunoglobin and T-cell receptor chains that are highly variable and responsible for the antigenic specificity of these molecules are known as _____

Variable regions

Parts of the membrane characterized by highly ordered, detergent-insoluble, sphingolipid and cholesterol- rich regions are known as ____

Lipid Rafts

_______ is an antigen binding molecule expressed on the surface of T cells and binds to MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells.

T cell receptor

The larger polypeptide of an antibody molecule is known as which of the following?

Heavy chain

Formation of the DISC complex results in cleavage of porcaspases int the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

True

Which of the following statements regarding Fas-mediated programmed cell death is false?

Fas ligant binding with Fas receptor stimulates a specific G protein.

Based on the five major classes of antibodies given below, which is the largest?

IgM

Based on the five major classes of antibodies given below, which of the following activates the complement pathway?

IgG, IgM

Based on the five major classes of antibodies given below, which of the following binds to Fc receptors of phagocytes?

IgG, IgM, IgA

Activation of which of the following molecules will lead to the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

PLCy

Activation of which of the following molecules will lead to the destruction of the NF-kb inhibitor?

PKC, PLCy

What is the function of NFAT in lympocyte signaling?

Transcription factor

Steps of the JAK/ STAT pathway

(1) cytokine binds to receptor

(2) dimerization of the receptor

(3) JAK tyrosine kinases are activated

(4) transcription of certain genes occurs in the nucleus

The Interleukin-17 family consists of members that help cells mediate which of the following?

Inflammation

The proteases that dismantle the cell during apoptosis are called:

Caspases

Based on the five major classes of antibodies given below, which of the following induces degranulation of mast cells or basophils?

IgD, IgE

Activation of which of the following molecules will head to the activation of the MAP kinase cascade?

PKC, Ras, PLCy

Immunity

The state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigen)

Active immunity

Result of infection (long-term)

• ex: vaccines

Passive immunity

Obtained externally

• ex: babies getting immunity through breast milk

Humoral immunity

Combats pathogens via antibodies

• antibodies produced by B cells

• plasma cells

Cell-mediated immunity

Involves primarily T lymphocytes

• T cells

• kill infected cells

• help produce B cells

Innate Immunity

First line of defense

• fast but not specific

• No memory

Adaptive immunity

humoral and cell-mediated responses

• using B and T lymphocytes

• slower to develop

• use randomly generated antigen receptors

• highly specific to individual antigen molecules

• MEMORY

Memory

Hallmark of adaptive immunity

Primary response

Initiated upon first exposure to an antigen

Secondary response

initiated upon second exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes

• stimulation yields faster, more significant, better response

Polyclonal antibodies

secreted by multiple clines of antigen-specific B cells

• subject is bled and Ab is purified from serum- multiple Ab present

Monoclonal antibody

a product of a single stimulated B cell

• produces mass quantities of single-specificity Ab

ELISA

Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent assays- use antibodies or antigens covalently bound to enzymes

Western Blotting

can identify specific protein in a complex protein mixture

• separation: on polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis

• identification: by enzyme-tagged specific Ab binding to Ag, followed by substrate exposure

Flow cytometer

measures scattered and fluorescent light from cells flowing past a laser beam

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells

Common myeloid progenitors

• Granulocytes: release granules to harm pathogens

• Neutrophils: direct harm to pathogens via phagocytosis

• Basophils/ mast cells: inflammation/ allergies

• Eosinophils: antiviral activity, antiparasite activity

Megakaryocytes

Make platelets (for blood clotting)

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; gas exchange

Monocytes

• Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages- function to repair/ remodel, destroy pathogens, present antigens

• Can also differentiate into dendritic cells- HIGH degree of function as “ingesters” of antigens, followed by presentation of naive T lymphoctyes for initial activity

Small proteins, such as defensins, less than 100-amino acids long which are produced constitutively or after activation by pathogens are better known as ____

Antimicrobial Peptides

A substance that promotes the phagocytosis of antigens by binding to them is known as a(n) ____

Opsonin

The process of depositing opsonins on to an antigen, which promotes a stable adhesive contact with an appropriate phagocytic cell is known as ______

Opsonization

Which of the following complement pathways are activated by binding of serum protein MBL to mannose-containing components of the cell wall?

Lectin pathway

A group of serum and cell membrane proteins that interact with each other and also with other molecules to carry key effector functions leading to pathogen recognition and deletion are known as _____

Complement factors

There are three major pathways in which the complement cascade can be initiated. Which of the following pathways binds MBL to carbohydrates?

Lectin pathway

There are three major pathways in which the complement cascade can be initiated. Which of the following pathways generate C3b?

Lectin pathway, Classical pathway, Alternative pathway

Idenitfy whether the statement provided below is true or false:

Microbial proteins never mind to complement proteins in order to inactivate them.

False

Place the following steps of the inflammatory response in the correct order they occur:

(1) Bacteria enters the body through the damage of body’s tissues

(2) Blood flow within the body is increased by chemoattractants and vasoactive factors

(3) capillaries with an increased permeability allow an influx of fluid and phagocytes

(4) Low pH-activated lysosomal enzymes kill and digest bacteria

Which of the following descriptions correctly describe adaptive immunity?

Has a large number of possible receptors

Reacts to an infection within days

Its major cell types consist of T cells and B cells

In the PRR signaling pathway, which of the following would occur through the dimerization of STAT?

Viral mRNA will undergo degradation

Viral translation will be inhibited

IFN genes will be activated

In the PRR signaling pathway, which of the following would occur if STAT was not dimerized?

Viruses would undergo transcription

Viral translation would be inhibited

If TLR is mutated and unable to be activated, which of the following will occur?

Ubiquination and degradation of IkB will not occur

NF-kB will remain in the cytoplasm

If TLR is mutated and unable to be activated, which of the following will occur?

MyD88 will not bind to the receptor

MAP kinase pathway will not be activated

IKK complex remains in an inactive form

IkB will inhibit NF-kB causing it to remain in the cytoplasm

If TLR is in its active form, which of the following will occur?

MyD88 will bind to receptor to initiate signaling

NF-kB will enter the nucleus for transcription

Degradation and unbiquination of IkB

IKK complex is activated

In the PRR signaling pathway, which of the following would occur if JAK was not phosphorylated?

Translation of viral and cellular protein would occur

Viruses would undergo translation, transcription and assembly