grammer

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea.

Proper Noun

Names a specific person, place, or thing; capitalized. (Ex. Detroit)

Common Noun

Names any one of a group; not capitalized. (Ex. city)

Possessive Noun

Shows ownership. (Ex. boy’s sock)

Pronoun

Takes the place of a noun. (Ex. She is a good artist.)

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns indicating first, second, or third person, labeled as nominative, objective, or possessive. (Ex. I, me, my, mine)

Reflexive Pronouns

Ends in self or selves. (Ex. myself, yourself)

Relative Pronouns

Begins dependent clauses. (Ex. that, which, who)

Interrogative Pronouns

Asks a question. (Ex. Who, what)

Demonstrative Pronouns

Points out specific things. (Ex. this, those)

Indefinite Pronouns

Refers to unspecified things. (Ex. anyone, everyone)

Adverb

Modifies adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs; answers How? When? Where? To what extent?

Adjective

Modifies nouns and pronouns; answers Which one? What kind? How many?

Proper Adjective

A proper noun functioning as an adjective. (Ex. American flag)

Preposition

Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. (Ex. to, under)

Conjunction

Joins words or groups of words.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connects similar types of words or groups. (Ex. For, and, but)

Subordinating Conjunctions

Introduces dependent clauses. (Ex. because, if)

Correlative Conjunctions

Appear in pairs. (Ex. either...or)

Verb

Shows action or makes a statement.

Action Verbs

Tells what action is performed. (Ex. run, write)

Linking Verbs

Links two words together. (Ex. am, is)

Helping Verbs

Helps form a verb phrase. (Ex. have, will)

Verb Tenses

Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect.

Verbal

A verb acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Gerund

A verb acting as a noun, ends in -ing. (Ex. Reading)

Participle

A verb acting as an adjective, ends in -ing or -ed. (Ex. running)

Infinitive

A verb form with "to" acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb. (Ex. to eat)

Subject

The part of the sentence about which something is being said.

Direct Object

A noun or pronoun receiving the action of a verb.

Indirect Object

A noun or pronoun receiving the direct object.

Predicate Nominative

A noun or pronoun renaming the subject after a linking verb.

Predicate Adjective

An adjective describing the subject after a linking verb.

Appositive/Appositive Phrase

A noun or pronoun identifying or explaining another noun or pronoun.

Object of Preposition

A noun or pronoun following a preposition.

Object of Infinitive

A noun or pronoun following an infinitive.

Object of Gerund

A noun or pronoun following a gerund.

Object of Participle

A noun or pronoun following a participle.

Prepositional Phrase

Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

Gerund Phrase

A gerund with its modifiers and objects.

Participle Phrase

A participle with its modifiers and objects.

Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive with its modifiers and objects.

Independent Clause

Can stand alone as a sentence.

Dependent Clause

Cannot stand alone; starts with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction.

Adverb Dependent Clauses

Acts like an adverb; starts with a subordinating conjunction.

Adjective Dependent Clauses

Acts like an adjective; starts with a relative pronoun.

Noun Dependent Clauses

Acts like a noun; starts with a relative pronoun.

Simple Sentence

One independent clause.

Compound Sentence

Two or more independent clauses.

Complex Sentence

One independent clause + one or more dependent clauses.

Compound-Complex Sentence

Two or more independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses.