grammer

Noun

• Noun: A person, place, thing, or idea.

• Proper Noun: Names a specific person, place, or thing; capitalized. (Ex. Detroit)

• Common Noun: Names any one of a group; not capitalized. (Ex. city)

• Possessive Noun: Shows ownership. (Ex. boy’s sock)

Pronoun

• Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. (Ex. She is a good artist.)

• Personal Pronouns: Pronouns indicating first, second, or third person, labeled as nominative, objective, or possessive. (Ex. I, me, my, mine)

• Reflexive Pronouns: Ends in self or selves. (Ex. myself, yourself)

• Relative Pronouns: Begins dependent clauses. (Ex. that, which, who)

• Interrogative Pronouns: Asks a question. (Ex. Who, what)

• Demonstrative Pronouns: Points out specific things. (Ex. this, those)

• Indefinite Pronouns: Refers to unspecified things. (Ex. anyone, everyone)

Adverb

• Adverb: Modifies adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs; answers How? When? Where? To what extent?

• Not: Always an adverb.

Adjective

• Adjective: Modifies nouns and pronouns; answers Which one? What kind? How many?

• Proper Adjective: A proper noun functioning as an adjective. (Ex. American flag)

Preposition

• Preposition: Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. (Ex. to, under)

Conjunction

• Conjunction: Joins words or groups of words.

• Coordinating Conjunctions: Connects similar types of words or groups. (Ex. For, and, but)

• Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduces dependent clauses. (Ex. because, if)

• Correlative Conjunctions: Appear in pairs. (Ex. either...or)

Verbs

• Verb: Shows action or makes a statement.

• Action Verbs: Tells what action is performed. (Ex. run, write)

• Linking Verbs: Links two words together. (Ex. am, is)

• Helping Verbs: Helps form a verb phrase. (Ex. have, will)

• Verb Tenses: Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect.

Verbal

• Verbal: A verb acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

• Gerund: A verb acting as a noun, ends in -ing. (Ex. Reading)

• Participle: A verb acting as an adjective, ends in -ing or -ed. (Ex. running)

• Infinitive: A verb form with "to" acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb. (Ex. to eat)

Sentence Parts and Phrases

• Subject: The part of the sentence about which something is being said.

• Verb: Shows action or links words; transitive (with direct object) or intransitive (without direct object).

• Direct Object: A noun or pronoun receiving the action of a verb.

• Indirect Object: A noun or pronoun receiving the direct object.

• Predicate Nominative: A noun or pronoun renaming the subject after a linking verb.

• Predicate Adjective: An adjective describing the subject after a linking verb.

• Appositive/Appositive Phrase: A noun or pronoun identifying or explaining another noun or pronoun.

• Object of Preposition: A noun or pronoun following a preposition.

• Object of Infinitive: A noun or pronoun following an infinitive.

• Object of Gerund: A noun or pronoun following a gerund.

• Object of Participle: A noun or pronoun following a participle.

• Prepositional Phrase: Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

• Gerund Phrase: A gerund with its modifiers and objects.

• Participle Phrase: A participle with its modifiers and objects.

• Infinitive Phrase: An infinitive with its modifiers and objects.

Clauses and Sentence Types

• Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.

• Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone; starts with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction.

• Adverb Dependent Clauses: Acts like an adverb; starts with a subordinating conjunction.

• Adjective Dependent Clauses: Acts like an adjective; starts with a relative pronoun.

• Noun Dependent Clauses: Acts like a noun; starts with a relative pronoun.

• Simple Sentence: One independent clause.

• Compound Sentence: Two or more independent clauses.

• Complex Sentence: One independent clause + one or more dependent clauses.

• Compound-Complex Sentence: Two or more independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses.