Unit 0 AP Psychology

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: What does the Biological perspective focus on?

: Brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics; explains behavior through physiology.

: What does the Evolutionary perspective focus on?

: Behavior explained by adaptation, survival, and natural selection.

: What does the Cognitive perspective focus on?

: Mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

: What does the Humanistic perspective focus on?

: Free will, personal growth, and self-actualization.

: What does the Psychodynamic perspective focus on?

: Unconscious drives and childhood conflicts.

: What does the Behavioral perspective focus on?

: Observable behavior and learning through conditioning.

: What does the Sociocultural perspective focus on?

: How society, culture, and environment influence behavior.

: What is Hindsight bias?

: The “I knew it all along” effect.

: What is Confirmation bias?

: Seeking info that supports beliefs and ignoring opposing evidence.

: What is Overconfidence bias?

: Overestimating accuracy of knowledge or judgments.

: What is Experimenter bias?

: Researcher unintentionally influences results.

: What is Self-report bias?

: Participants misreport due to memory errors or misunderstanding.

: What is Social desirability bias?

: Giving answers that look good instead of being truthful.

: What is Sampling bias?

: Non-representative sample skews results.

: What is the False consensus effect?

: Overestimating how much others agree with you.

: What does an experiment determine?

: Cause and effect.

: What is an independent variable?

: The factor manipulated by the researcher.

: What is a dependent variable?

: The factor measured in an experiment.

: What is random assignment?

: Giving participants equal chance of being in any group.

: What are confounding variables?

: Outside factors that could affect results.

: What is a case study?

: In-depth study of one person or small group.

: What is correlation?

: Measures relationship between two variables (not cause and effect).

: What is a meta-analysis?

: Combining results of many studies.

: What is naturalistic observation?

: Watching behavior in natural settings.

: What is a hypothesis?

:

: What is an operational definition?

: Defining variables in measurable terms.

: Why is replication important?

: Confirms results by repeating study.

: What is generalizability?

: How well results apply to the larger population.

: What are qualitative measures?

: Non-numeric data like interviews.

: What are quantitative measures?

: Numeric data like Likert scales.

: What is the directionality problem?

: Can’t tell which variable causes which.

: What is the third variable problem?

: Hidden factor explains correlation.

: Why does correlation not equal causation?

: Because other variables could explain results.

: What is peer review?

: Experts check quality of research before publication.

: What do Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) do?

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: What is informed consent/assent?

: Participants (or guardians) agree to study knowing risks.

: What is protection from harm?

:

: What is confidentiality/anonymity?

: Keeping participants’ data private.

: What is deception in research?

: Misleading participants (allowed only if justified).

: What is debriefing?

: Explaining full purpose of study afterward.

: What is the mean?

: The average score.

: What is the median?

: The middle score.

: What is the mode?

: The most frequent score.

: What is the range?

: Difference between highest and lowest scores.

: What is standard deviation?

: Measure of score spread around the mean.

: What is percentile rank?

:

: What is the normal curve?

: Bell-shaped distribution; 68-95-99% rule.

: What is skewness?

: Distribution pulled left (negative) or right (positive).

: What is a bimodal distribution?

: Distribution with two peaks.

: What is regression toward the mean?

: Extreme scores move closer to average on retest.

: What is a correlation coefficient?

: Strength/direction of relationship (-1 to +1).

: What is effect size?

: Magnitude of difference or relationship.

: What is statistical significance (p < .05)?

: Probability results aren’t due to chance