USA Chapter 2

Flashcard set from Montgomery Bus Boycott through to Gay Rights

Who chose their cases carefully in regards to the bus boycott

NAACP chose their cases carefully

When was the Rosa Parks arrested

1st December 1955

What is the MIA

Montgomery Improvement Agency

Why was the MIA formed

Formed to organise the bus boycott on 2nd December 1955

Who was chosen to lead the bus boycott

Martin Luther King

What did the MIA organise to get people to work

Taxis and other transport to get people to work

What percentage of black bus users joined the boycott

90%

What percentage did black bus users make up of the total bus users

70%

How long did the bus boycott last

380 days

What rules did Martin Luther King follow with the bus boycott

Rules of non-violent protest

When was bus segregation ruled as unconstitutional

November 13th 1956

What was Martin Luther King conscious of?

The media

What did Martin Luther King set up

Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC

What are the rules for non-violent protest

Must be clear who the oppressor is

Getting arrested publicly and peacefully

Accept as many white people as you can

How many black children were selected to attend a previously all-white school in Arkansas

9 children selected

Who went to stop the children under orders from the racist governor

The National Guard

How many children went to the school by car

8 out of the 9

Who didn’t get the message to not take public transport to the school

Elizabeth Eckford

Who got a meeting with Eisenhower about Little Rock

Martin Luther King

What did Eisenhower do with Little Rock

Reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children

When was the Greensboro Sit in

1st Feb 1960

Where did the 4 black students wait to be served

A segregated lunch counter

How many students came the next day

30

What did the white crowd do to the students at Greensboro

Blow smoke in their faces

Poured food over them

Why did the Greensboro Sit in stop

A bomb threat

What is the SNCC

Students Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

When and where was the SNCC set up

April 15th 1960, Raleigh, North Carolina

What did the SNCC do

Pushed for voter registration in the South

Who setup the Freedom rides in 1961

Core and SNCC, organised by James Farmer

What did the Freedom Rides aim to do?

Desegregate rest stops and service stations

How many people died due to the Freedom Rides

3 died

What was Birmingham nicknamed

Bombingham

What did Martin Luther King want to do to Birmingham

Desegregate the town

When did the desegregation campaign in Birmingham start

April 3rd 1963

Who sent federal troops in Birmingham

Kennedy

In 1964 who decided for a push for voter regisration

SNCC

How many volunteers did the SNCC send in 1964

45

On the 21st June 1964 how many volunteers disappeared

3, one black, 2 white

How many black people tried to vote in 1964 and how many accepted

17000, 1600

What did Stokely Carmichael set up in 1965

Lowndes County Freedom Organisation

What did Carmichael say about non-violent protests

They weren’t working

What did Carmichael want Civil Rights protests to do

Radicalise and exclude white campaigners

What did he want to replace the cry “Freedom” with

“Black Power!”

Who used the black power salute in the 1968 Olympics

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

When were the black panthers set up

1966

Where did the riots take place in 1964

New York, Chicago, Philadelphia

Why did the riots happen

Police Brutality as the trigger

What happened to the image of non-violent black people

It was replace with the media from the riots of burning cities

In 1965 where did $18 million of Federal Aid go

Watts District of Los Angeles

How many riots were there in major city slums

20

Where did MLK’s Northern Crusade focus

Chicago

What happened to the Crusade

it petered out

Why did many think the Northern Crusade was a failure

It brought no permanent change

Why was King’s relationship with the media turning sour

He accused them of trying to make him say militant statements

When was King assassinated

April 4th 1968

What piece of Civil Rights legislation was passed in 1964

Civil Rights Act

What piece of Civil Rights legislation was passed in 1965

Voting Rights Act\`

Which act sets up the Civil Rights Commission and

Civil Rights Act

What does the Civil Rights Commission do

Gives federal justice department more rights to supervise voter regisration

What does the Civil Rights Act make a crime

Obstructing federal orders

What does the Civil Rights Act ban discrimination for

Sex or Race in hiring firing or promoting

What does the Voting Rights Act ban

Any attempts to stop people voting because of their race

How long are the provisions for the Voting Rights Act in place

5 years

Legally in 1980 what were black americans

Full citizens

What developed to a more significant extent

A black upper and middle class

What increased along with the amount of black graduates

Home ownership

What did some think after the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts were passed

That Civil Rights were completed

What kind of quota was created

A minority quota, many felt like they were not there on merit

What was termination

Native Americans were freed from federal control and protected and policed by the US.

What is a downside of termination

Lands once held in trust by the government would now be open for sale

Which act forced the relocation of many Native Americans

Indian Removal Act 1830

By the 1960s what had been widely agreed about the Indian Removal Act

That it was extremely unfair

What is the BIA

Bureau of Indian Affairs

What did the BIA setup from 1893 onwards

Indian Boarding Schools Act

Why was the Indian Boarding Schools Act bad

It forced children to speak only English, cut their hair and give up their native customs. Older children were placed as farmers.

What did the Indian Civil Rights Act do in 1968

Banned tribes from restricting the civil rights of tribal members

What does AIM stand for

American Indian Movement

Who created AIM

Young, radical and urban people

What was the AIM slogan

Red Power

What was the Trial of Broken Treaties

In 1972 when AIM did a protest drive against BIA and occupied their building

What did Nixon reject to do with Native Americans

Forced assimilation and termination

What did Nixon bring to congress to do with Native Americans

Bills for Indian autonomy

By 1980 which bills had congress passed

1972 Indian Education Act

1974 Indian Financing Act

1975 Indian Self-Determination Act

1975 Voting Rights Act Extended

1978 Indian Child Welfare Act

What did the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act do

Transferred 40 million acres and $462,500,000 to Native Americans

What did Nixon’s administration not do for Native Americans

Didn’t reform the BIA

Didn’t renegotiate about Native American Sacred Sites

What did the Bracero Program Guarantee

Guaranteed incoming Mexicans the same wages as existing workers but this didn’t always work

What happened after the American-Mexican War

Mexicans living in areas that became America could become citizens or relocate to Mexico

What happened to many farm workers on the bracero programme

They had appalling living and working conditions but they couldn’t complain because there were more workers they could hire.

What did Hispanic Americans also face

Discrimination the same as black americans

What happened to many Hispanic Americans from 1953 onwards

Deportation

What is Operation Wetback

A government drive to find illegal Mexican immigrants and force them to relocate

How many Hispanic Americans deported from 1953

3\.8 million

Who were the key Hispanic Civil Rights figures

Cesar Chavez, Reies Lopez, Rodolfo Gonzales

What did Cesar Chavez do

Fought for workers rights and for better working conditions

Set up a farm workers union

What did Reies Lopez do

Organised protests surrounding New Mexico land. Worked with Black Power leaders

What did Reies Lopez do in 1967

Went to complete a Citizens Arrest but it went wrong and they took hostages and a gun battle ensued.

What did Rodolfo Gonzales focus on

Race. He started off working in the the system but turned radical

What were the Brown Berets

Young militant organisation setup in 1967

What happened in 1954 to do with Native Americans

Supreme Court ruled that Hispanic People were equal citizens

What did only Cubans get

Cuban American Adjustment Act, all Cubans who had lived in America for a year were permanent residents