bio eoc

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, and conclusion.

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

Independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter, while dependent variables are measured.

What defines a prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What defines a eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?

The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and regulates gene expression.

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids.

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

What do lysosomes do?

Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

What are vacuoles and their function?

Vacuoles store nutrients and waste products and help maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

What is DNA replication?

DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before mitosis or meiosis.

What does semi-conservative replication mean?

Each new double helix contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication.

What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

Ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

What is meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source and provide structural support in plants.

What are lipids?

Lipids are fats, oils, and phospholipids important for energy storage and cell membranes.

What is the role of proteins in the cell?

Proteins perform various functions including catalyzing reactions as enzymes.

What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are macromolecules like DNA and RNA that carry genetic information.

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy (ATP).

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What is ATP?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell.

What is cohesion in terms of water properties?

Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, leading to surface tension.

What is adhesion in terms of water?

Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other substances.

What does high specific heat mean for water?

Water resists changes in temperature due to its high specific heat.

What are the solvent properties of water?

Water can dissolve many substances, making it a universal solvent.

What is the function of roots in plants?

Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

What is the role of stems in plants?

Stems provide support and transport nutrients and water.

What is the function of leaves in plants?

Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis.

What are xylem and phloem?

Xylem transports water, while phloem transports nutrients in plants.

What does the cerebrum control?

The cerebrum controls voluntary movements, sensory perception, and higher-level thinking.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.

What does the brain stem control?

The brain stem controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate.

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

The heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

What is innate immunity?

Innate immunity consists of non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes.

What is adaptive immunity?

Adaptive immunity involves specific defenses such as antibodies and T/B cells.

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's DNA.

What is cloning?

Cloning is creating a genetically identical copy of an organism.

What is PCR?

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to amplify DNA sequences.

What is the male reproductive system's primary function?

The male reproductive system produces sperm and hormones.

What is the female reproductive system's primary function?

The female reproductive system produces eggs, hormones, and is the site of fertilization.

What factors affect population size?

Birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.

What is carrying capacity?

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an environment can support.

What are producers in an ecosystem?

Producers are autotrophs that make their own food, like plants.

What are consumers?

Consumers are heterotrophs that obtain energy by eating other organisms.

What are decomposers?

Decomposers break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients.

What is the 10% rule of energy transfer?

Only about 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.

What is pollution?

Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.

What is deforestation?

Deforestation is the clearing of forests for other uses.

What is climate change?

Climate change is significant and lasting change in the Earth's climate due to human activities.

What are evidences of evolution?

Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology.

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What is binomial nomenclature?

A two-name system for naming species (Genus species).

What do we understand about early Earth conditions?

Conditions on early Earth facilitated the formation of organic molecules.

What was the Miller-Urey experiment?

An experiment that simulated early Earth conditions and produced organic molecules.

What are the principles of natural selection?

Variation, inheritance, differential survival, and adaptation.

What are Mendelian Genetics?

Principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment.

What are Punnett Squares used for?

To predict the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

What are the components of DNA structure?

Nucleotides which include a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

What is the base pairing rule for DNA?

A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

What is the base pairing rule for RNA?

A pairs with U and C pairs with G.