New Notes HI102

Captain James Cook

The first European explorer to chart the eastern coastline of Australia during his voyages in the 18th century.

Gold Rush (1851)

A significant migration phenomenon to Australia initiated by the discovery of gold, leading to rapid population increase.

British Commonwealth

The political organization that Australia officially joined in 1901, fostering cooperative governance among member states.

The 'Irish Question'

The ongoing political debate concerning the appropriate governance and status of Ireland within the United Kingdom.

Act of Union of 1800

The parliamentary legislation that merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into a single political entity, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Great Irish Potato Famine

A severe humanitarian crisis occurring between 1845 and 1852 characterized by mass starvation and mortality due to potato blight.

Darwinism

The evolutionary theory posited by Charles Darwin which states that species evolve through the process of natural selection as described in 'On the Origin of Species' (1859).

Socialism

A political and economic ideology advocating for collective or governmental ownership and regulation of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Utilitarianism

An ethical framework that promotes actions that maximize overall happiness and well-being for the greatest number of individuals.

Fabian Society

A socialist organization established in 1884 focused on the gradual implementation of socialist principles through reform rather than revolution.

Modernism

A cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a deliberate break from traditional styles and questioning of established norms.

Revolutionary Nationalism

An ideological movement that prioritizes the establishment of a nation based on shared identity over religious affiliations.

Immanuel Kant

An influential philosopher known for his contributions to idealism and his exploration of morality independent from religious influence.

Congress of Vienna

An international diplomatic conference convened in 1815 with the aim of restoring European stability and order following the upheaval caused by the Napoleonic Wars.

Metternich’s conservatism

A political philosophy resistant to liberalism and nationalism, advocating for the preservation of traditional monarchy and conservative values.

Creoles

People of European ancestry born in the Americas, particularly in Spanish territories, who sought independence from Spanish rule.

Simon Bolivar

A key leader in the Latin American independence movements, known as 'The Liberator' for his pivotal role in liberating multiple nations from Spanish rule.

Monroe Doctrine

A foundational policy articulated by the United States in 1823, asserting opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.

Italian Unification

The 19th-century political movement aimed at consolidating independent Italian states into a unified nation-state, culminating in 1861.

Otto von Bismarck

The Chancellor of Prussia accredited with unifying Germany through strategic diplomacy and military conflict, particularly through practices known as 'Blood and Iron'.

Franco-Prussian War

The conflict fought from 1870 to 1871 that resulted in the defeat of France and facilitated the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.

Dual Monarchy

The political structure established in 1867 allowing Austria and Hungary to function as distinct, self-governing entities while remaining united under a single monarch.

Paris Commune

A radical socialist government that briefly ruled Paris in 1871, aimed at establishing social reforms and worker rights.

Triple Entente

Military alliance formed before World War I between France, Britain, and Russia to counterbalance the growing power of the Central Powers.

Social Darwinism

An ideology applying the principles of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and aggressive nationalism.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in June 1914 precipitated the outbreak of World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

The Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, an act that triggered the chain of events leading to World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy designed for a rapid defeat of France followed by a strategic shift to engage Russia in World War I.

Battle of Verdun

A major World War I battle fought from February to December 1916, noted for its high casualties and the tenacity of the French defense.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin that resulted in the overthrow of the provisional government and establishment of a communist regime.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The treaty signed in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia, concluding Russia's participation in World War I.

Utilitarianism

The philosophical concept advocating actions that generate the greatest good for the largest number of individuals.

Darwinism

The scientific theory of biological evolution through natural selection, articulated by Charles Darwin.

Modernism

Cultural and artistic movement emphasizing new ideologies and break from traditional forms and styles.

Socialism

An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and distribution of goods and resources.

Fabian Society

A progressive socialist organization promoting gradual reform through democratic processes and education.

Vienna Congress

The diplomatic assembly of major powers meeting in 1815 to reshape Europe and establish a balance of power following the Napoleonic Wars.

Reactionary nationalism

An ideology espousing the preservation or restoration of traditional cultural identities and ethnic boundaries.

Idealism

Philosophical theory emphasizing the primacy of the mind and ideas over material realities, articulated by figures such as Immanuel Kant.

Czars

The hereditary emperors of Russia, holding absolute power before the advent of revolution.

Crisis of the 19th Century

A period characterized by widespread revolutions and reforms across Europe as various social and political movements emerged.

July Monarchy

The regime of Louis Philippe in France established after the July Revolution of 1830, which sought to balance monarchy and liberalism.

National Workshops

Government-funded programs in France during the provisional government aimed at providing employment for the unemployed.

La Belle Epoque

A period of cultural and artistic flourishing in France and Europe from the late 19th century until the onset of World War I.

No Man's Land

The perilous area between opposing trenches during World War I, often characterized by barbed wire and land mines.

Somme Offensive

A significant battle during World War I noted for its introduction of tank warfare and high casualties among combatants.

Czar Nicholas I

The autocratic ruler of Russia who was in power during the revolutions of 1848, known for his repressive policies.

Victor Emmanuel II

The first king of a unified Italy, proclaimed king in 1861 following the unification process.

William Gorgas

The medical officer recognized for his significant contributions to eradicating yellow fever, particularly in Panama.

George W. Carver

An influential agricultural scientist credited with developing numerous innovations and products based on peanuts and crop rotation.

Henry Ford

The industrial pioneer who revolutionized manufacturing processes through the introduction of the assembly line technique and the production of the Model T.

Militarism

The belief in maintaining a strong military and being prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Pan-Slavism

The political and cultural movement advocating for the unification and solidarity of all Slavic peoples.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Nationalism

A strong patriotic sentiment advocating for the interests and culture of one nation over others.

Entente Cordiale

The agreement established between Britain and France in 1904 to resolve colonial disputes and strengthen bilateral relations.

Collective ownership

The principle that means of production and resources should be owned and managed by the community as a whole.

State Socialism

A political system where the state plays a central role in the economy, ownership of production, and welfare affairs.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic political approach focused on practical and material factors rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Socialism

An economic system characterized by collective ownership or regulation of production and distribution.

Utopian socialism

An idealistic movement advocating for the creation of perfect communities through socialism, often resulting in failure.

Democratic socialism

A political ideology that advocates for political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in June 1914 ignited the complex diplomatic tensions that led to World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that formally ended World War I in 1919, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Francis Joseph I

The emperor of Austria-Hungary during the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867.

The 'Black Hand'

A secret nationalist organization believed to be behind the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The German Emperor during World War I, known for his militaristic and expansionist policies.

Treaty of Adrianople

The treaty resulting from the 1829 Russo-Turkish War, recognizing Greek independence and marking a shift in the balance of power in the region.

Concert of Europe

A series of alliances among European powers aiming to maintain peace and prevent the rise of a single dominant power following the Napoleonic Wars.

Revolution of 1848

A widespread series of revolutionary uprisings across Europe aiming for political and social reform.

July Revolution (1830)

The revolution that led to the abdication of Charles X and the rise of Louis Philippe as king of France.

Nationalism vs. Liberalism

Contrasting political ideologies in the 19th century that influenced the structure of nation-states and their governance.

Crisis of the Ancien Régime

The period of political and social upheaval as traditional monarchies faced challenges from emerging revolutionary forces.

Serfdom

The historical practice whereby laborers were bound to work on land owned by a lord under a feudal system.

Utopian communities

Experimental societies developed with the intention of creating ideal living conditions, most of which ultimately failed.

Delhi Declaration of 1848

A statement advocating for modernization and reform in colonial societies, emphasizing social and educational advancement.

Victorian values

The moral and social ideals associated with Victorian England, emphasizing propriety, strict ethics, and social responsibility.

Napoleon III

The President of the French Republic who later became Emperor, known for his role in the expansion of French territory and influence.

Failure of the French Revolution

The outcomes of the revolution that often led to conservative backlash and a failure to achieve sustained reform.

Technological advancements

The rapid development and innovation in technology significantly impacting society, economies, and warfare in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Empire vs. Nation-State

Different political entities where empires are large territorial holdings ruled centrally and nation-states focus on a distinct national identity and governance structure.

Bismarck's diplomatic strategies

The use of Realpolitik by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany through calculated negotiations and conflict.

Vladimir Lenin

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, known for establishing the first communist state following the overthrow of the provisional government.

Joseph Stalin

The totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union known for his policies of extensive industrialization and severe political repression.

Mikhail Gorbachev

The last General Secretary of the Soviet Union, notable for introducing reform policies like Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) during the 1980s.

Nelson Mandela

A prominent anti-apartheid revolutionary who became South Africa's first black president, symbolizing the struggle against racial oppression.

Winston Churchill

The British Prime Minister renowned for his leadership during World War II and his powerful oratory that inspired the nation.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The President of the United States during the Great Depression and World War II, celebrated for his New Deal policies to revitalize the economy.

Gandhi

The leader of the Indian independence movement known for his philosophy of non-violent resistance against British rule.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A prominent civil rights leader who advocated for racial equality through nonviolent protest and civil disobedience in the United States.

Thomas Jefferson

The third President of the United States and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, championing Enlightenment principles.

Catherine the Great

The Empress of Russia known for her expansionist policies and significant reforms aimed at modernizing Russia.