Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

Flashcards covering key concepts related to intermolecular forces, phase changes, and solubility based on lecture notes.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

Forces that occur between molecules, determining the physical state of a substance.

Dispersion Forces

Intermolecular forces present in all molecules and atoms due to temporary shifts in electron density.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules that have permanent dipoles.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms like F, O, or N.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule, especially important in solutions.

Solubility Principle

The principle stating that polar substances dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Hydrophilic Groups

Chemical groups that are attracted to water, such as -OH, -CHO, -C=O, -COOH, -NH2.

Hydrophobic Groups

Chemical groups that repel water, such as -C-H and -C-C.

Phase Changes

Transformations between solid, liquid, and gas states of matter, influenced by heat and pressure.

Boiling and Melting Points

Temperature points where a substance transitions from liquid to gas or solid to liquid, respectively, influenced by the strength of intermolecular attractions.