Exam 1 Review

Which digits are fused in bovine limbs?

digits 3 and 4

What are the four stomach compartments found in ruminants?

Rumen → Reticulum → Omasum → Abomasum

What breed of cattle is known as the dual purpose breed?

Short horn

What are beef master cattle bred for?

bred for disposition, fertility, milk production

What is a big advantage to Brahman cattle? works well with texas!

tolerate heat well

This breed of beef cattle is white with pink skin and is heavily muscled. This is the:

Charolais

This breed of cattle is known as the tallest breed and can grow up to 6 ft at the withers.

Chianina

A “black baldy” is a crossbreed between what two types of cattle?

Angus (bull) + Hereford (cow)

What are 2 advantages of having texas longhorns as cattle?

• resistant to many parasites / diseases

• can have less dystocia due to producing smaller calves

What is the order of dairy cattle from first in milk production to last?

Holstein → Brown swiss → Ayrshire → Guernsey → Jersey

What is the term for a mature female bovine?

cow

What is the term for a mature male bovine?

Bull

What is the term for a castrated male bovine?

steer

What is the term for a immature female bovine?

heifer

What is the term for a calf?

neonate

What is the term for act of parturition?

calving

Define a tail jack.

temporary tail restraint

What does the term casting cattle mean?

applying pressure to sensitive parts of the body using ropes to bring large animals into recumbency

What form of recumbency do we always use to monitor bloat?

right lateral recumbency

Define drenching.

administering liquids PO using a syringe or dosing syringe

Where are IM injections given in cattle?

given in the lateral cervicals

What is the maximum volume we can give cattle for an Im injection?

10 mL

_______ crushes and cuts spermatic cord; testicle is removed.

Emasculator

What is the ideal weight for steers when going to the slaughter?

1,000 - 1,250 lbs

What is the ideal weight for heifers when going to the slaughter?

900 - 1,050 lbs

What are dairy male calves used for?

sold for meat production

What are some common problems seen with phase 1 of lactation?

• Milk fever

• DAs

• Retained placentas

Phase 2 is when it is peak milk production. How long does it last?

12 weeks

What is the goal of phase 2 of lactation?

maintain peak lactation

T/F feed intake should match production during phase 2 of lactation.

true

T/F All ruminants are herbivores

true

What are the four phases of milk production?

• give birth → stimulates milk production

• peak milk production (12 wks)

• end of peak lactation to dry cow

• dry phase → 6 - 8 wks before birth of next calf

What type of estrous do cattle have?

polyestrous

How often do cattle cycle?

every 21 days

What is the most commonly used local anesthetic drug in large animal medicine?

Lidocaine (2%)

Pre-anesthetic fasting is recommended in cattle to avoid what potential risks?

• regurgitation

• aspiration

What is compartment syndrome?

Heavy body weight causes blood vessels to have difficulty delivering blood to certain muscles

What are some ways to prevent compartment syndrome?

• Decrease anesthetic time

• Lots of padding

• Proper positioning → stagger limbs

• Decrease carbohydrates in diet before surgery

Why should cattle be in sternal recumbency when recovering from anesthesia?

• Improves ventilation and allows them to burp 

  • Decreases bloat 

When is surgical knife castration typically done in cattle?

• Typically done at time of weaning-3-4 months old

  • Can be done at any age

When is the emasculator typically used for castration in cattle?

Needed for animals with more developed spermatic cord-need better hemostasis

T/F The emasculator is used across the spermatic cord and crimps on one side, cuts on the other.

true

What type of castration device is know as “bloodless castration” and is a great tool during fly season?

Emasculatome

When is chemical castration typically used for castration in cattle?

used in young animals <150 lbs

T/F chemical castration is known as a closed method.

true

How is an elastrator used to castrate cattle?

• Instrument applies special rubber band around base of scrotum

  • Cuts off blood supply

What does the term cornuectomy mean?

surgical removal of horns

How is the tube or spoon dehorner used?

Placed over developing horn; Twist in a circular motion to cut away horn and base

How is a chemical cautery dehorner used?

Use a chemical paste to cauterize the epithelium that eventually generates the horn

At what age do we use chemical cautery in cattles?

3 - 7 days of life

T/F When using a surgical saw, sometimes horns are so big, the hole left behind cannot be sutured shut

true

What are some complications that can be found when dehorning cattle?

• bleeding

• infection

• incomplete removal

How much water, on average, do cattle drink a day?

10 - 14 gal/day

During lactation, how much can dairy cattle drink a day?

45 gal/day

T/F Takes 500 L of blood going through gland to make 1 L of milk

True

How many gallons of water does it take to produce one gallon of milk?

3 - 5 gallons

What characteristics should a professional have?

Autonomy & accountability

Who regulates LVT’s in Texas?

Texas Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners (TBVME)

What does the term scours mean?

diarrhea

A calf should be standing and nursing ______ hours after birth.

1 - 4 hours

Define a bier block.

Used for distal limb block to allow for a regional block

What is the newberry knife used for?

Used to make incision into the scrotum

What is shipping fever?

Bacterial pneumonia commonly caused by Pasturella spp.

What are some clinical signs of shipping fever?

• Depression

• Low head carriage

• Wet cough

• Open-mouth breathing

• Weight loss

• Fever

• Wheezing

Johne’s disease is also known as what?? What kind of infection is it?

Paratuberculosis

Bacterial infection - mycobacterium paratuberculosis → Disease is contracted fecal-oral route

T/F Johne’s Infection typically occurs in first year of life but don’t show signs until 5-6 yrs old

true

T/F the treatment for Johne’s disease is to vaccinate.

false

• no treatment

Lepto can live ______ days in soil.

183 days

BSE stands for:

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

What does IBR stand for?

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is a _______ disease. What are some clinical signs?

Respiratory disease;

• fever

• ocular discharge

• nasal discharge

• conjunctivitis

• depression

• cough

• dyspnea

What are some ways to stop lactation?

• stop milking

• don’t milk til empty

• Milk every other day

What is the milking procedure in cattle?

• wash teats w/ iodine

• use clean hands

• wash teats only and dry

• milk each teat a few times to stimulate let down and to evaluate milk

Why do we wash the cows teats before putting the milking machine on to milk them?

• provides stimulation to the mammary glands

• keeps everything sanitary

Stress free environment - letdown requires _____.

Oxytocin

What are two of the biggest issues seen in neonate calves?

• hypoglycemia

• hypothermia

List some times when we would call a veterinarian during cow paturition.

• Excessive straining

• abnormal fetal position

• no placenta / fetal membranes are passed

• meconium is not passed in 24 hours