AP HUG Vocab

this one is chopped don't use it

absolute location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

cartography

science or art of making maps

cultural landscapes

The products of complex interactions between humans and their environments.

distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

equator

an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

formal regions

Also called uniform regions, an area that has striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features.

functional (nodal) regions

areas organized around cores, or nodes

GIS

Geographic Information System; a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays data.

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

GPS

Global Positioning System; uses a system of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth.

human geography

a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface

landscapes

The overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences

latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

linear pattern

when the pattern in along straight lines, like rivers, streets, or railroad tracks.

location

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

longitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

Mercator projection

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder

multi-national corporations

An example of economic globalization in which the business has centers of operation in many parts of the globe.

pattern

the arrangement of objects on earth's surface in relation to other objects

perceptual (vernacular) regions

places that people believe to exist as a part of their cultural identity

periphery

the outer boundary of a region; Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic periphery includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia.

Peters Projection

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.

physical geography

one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.

prime meridian

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

random pattern

a pattern that exists if no regular distribution can be seen

Robinson projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

scale

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

site

the physical and human-transformed characteristics of a place

situation

characteristic that refers to relative location

space

the physical gap or distance between two objects

space time compression

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

spatial organization

organization according to location, position, or direction

spatial perspective

observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

topography

A description of surface features of land.

toponym

Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.

U.S. Census Bureau

a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

arithmetic growth

population growth where population increases by the same amount over each time interval

arithmetic population density

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

demographic transition model

Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level

population density

A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.

distance decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

dot maps

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

doubling rate

The length of time needed to double the population

emigration

Migration from a location (Exit migration)

epidemiologic transition

The shift from high death rates to low death rates in a population as a result of modern medical and sanitary developments. Also called the "mortality revolution"

ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

exponential growth

Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. Also called population growth at a "geometric rate"

forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

gravity model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

immigration

Movement of individuals into a population (In migration)

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

internal migration

Permanent Movement within a particular country.

inter-regional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

intra-regional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

natural increase

Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase of a population does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.

neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

net-migration rate

Difference between immigrants and emmigrants per 1,000 people

one child policy

A policy implemented by the Chinese government as a method of controlling the population.

out-migration

the total number of immigrants who leave a country in a given time period

overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

physiological population density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

population concentrations

Areas of the world with large population density.

population geography

a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population.

population pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location. Also called "centripetal factors"

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil. Also called "centrifugal factors"

Ernst Ravenstein

Created the laws of migration that state that most migrants move a short distance, move to an urban area, are adults, take the process in steps, and create a migration in the opposite direction

refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

anti-natal population policies

laws which discourage or punish people for having large families.

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

voluntary migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

zero population growth

a condition in which the population of a country does not grow but remains stable. This condition comes about when the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration.

acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

artifacts

object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced

assimilation

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

Buddhism

A religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

contagious diffusion

The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place, spreading in waves.

creole

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

cultural determinism

the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits.

cultural ecology

The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

cultural hearths

the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.