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Reconstruction Era
The period post-Civil War focused on rebuilding the US, especially the South, and integrating freed slaves into society.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States, freeing all slaves.
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the US, ensuring equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment
Prohibited denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Federal agency aiding freed slaves in the South post-Civil War with resources like food, housing, and education.
Significance of Freedman’s Bureau
Help former slaves (give resources and help them back into society) (houses, education, aid…)
Carpetbaggers
Northerners moving to the South during Reconstruction for economic gain or to aid in rebuilding.
Significance of Carpetbaggers
Economic opportunities (northerners moved south to take advantage of the damage in the south)
Scalawags
Southern whites supporting Reconstruction and the Republican Party post-Civil War.
Significance of Scalawags
Scalawags were particularly hated by Southern Democrats, who called Scalawags traitors to their region
Muckrakers
Exposed corruption - journalists/writers and photographers who claimed to expose corruption (propaganda)
Black Codes
Laws in the South post-Civil War restricting rights of freed African Americans.
Sharecropping
System where freedmen and poor whites worked on others' land for a share of crops.
Significance of Sharecropping
Very difficult for them to leave (still kind of enslaved). These people were constantly in debt. Better off working on the land for necessities
Yellow Journalism
Journalist luring in people to buy the paper by using blown out headlines
Abraham Lincoln's 10% Plan
Reconstruction plan allowing a state back into the Union with 10% voter allegiance.
Significance of 10% Plan
Radical Republican plan stricter than Abraham Lincoln’s plan, thought is was too “leniet“; The plan offered amnesty to Confederates who swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.
Abolitionist
Advocates for ending slavery.
The Main Goal of the Reconstruction Era
To rebuild the South, integrate freed slaves into society, and ensure their civil rights
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln's order freeing slaves in Confederate states.
Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation
To declare all slaves in confederate states to be free
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote in the United States
Industrialization
Development of industries on a large scale in a country or region.
Nativist Movements
Movements limiting immigration to protect native-born citizens' interests.
Significance of Nativist Movement
Due to a lot of people from other places coming in and taking jobs there started to be a lot of competition and that is why the nativist movement started
Second Industrial Revolution
Period of rapid industrial growth and innovation in steel, electricity, and chemicals.
Impact of Second Industrial Revolution
Led to urbanization, economic growth, and significant social changes, including improved transportation and communication.
Homestead Strike
An industrial strike at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania, which resulted in a violent conflict between workers and private security.
Significance of Homestead Strike
It started because the government stepped in to help the private security and not the workers. This led to conflict between workers and private security.
Effects of child labor
Children had limited education, were exploited, and led to physical and psychological harm
Gilded Age in America
FACTORIES, RAIL ROADS, and COAL MINING. A period marked by rapid economic growth, political corruption, and stark social inequalities
What was made during the gilded age
steel, oil, telephone, and lightbulbs
Chinese Exclusion Act
Federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
Social Darwinism
The application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism.
What was Darwinism used for
competition on who's stronger and better. Before that it was based on economics.
Causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism
US involvement in WWI
The US entered the war in 1917 helping the Allies
Zimmerman Telegram
A secret communication from Germany to Mexico asking for an alliance against the United Sates
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR’s foreign policy initiative aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries
New Deal
a series of programs and reforms introduced by President FDR to combat the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd president of the US who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII
Stock Market Crash
The collapse of the stock market, which marked the beginning of the Great Depression
Harlem Renaissance
A cultural, social, and artistic movement centered in Harlem, New York, celebrating African American culture
Great Migration
Movement of African Americans from the South to urban areas in the North and West.
Buying on Margin
Purchasing stock with borrowed money, contributing to the stock market crash when prices fell
Flappers
Young women in the 1920s defying traditional norms with fashion and behavior.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Bribery scandal involving the Secretary of the Interior and oil companies in the Harding administration.
Banana Wars
US military intervention in Central America and the Caribbean to protect American commercial interests
Diplomatic Policy of Appeasement
The policy of making concessions to dictatorial powers to avoid conflict, most notably used by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany
Hideki Tojo
Prime Minister of Japan during most of WWII, responsible for many military decisions
Benito Mussolini
Fascist leader of Italy during WWII
Battle of Midway
A naval battle in the Pacific Theater that turned the tide in favor for the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty that ended WWI, but created harsh punishment for Germany
Stalingrad
Major battle on the eastern front of WWII marking a turning point with a Soviet victory over Nazi Germany
Battle of Britain
European theatre A major air campaign fought over the UK, where the Royal Air Force defended against the German Luftwaffe
Pearl Harbor
Surprise Japanese attack on the US naval base in Hawaii, leading to US entry into WWII.
Purpose of the Lend-Lease Act
Allowed the US to supply Allied powers with war materials while remaining neutral
Japanese Interment Camps
Forced relocation of Japanese Americans during WWII in order to prevent espionage
Anti-Semitism
prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews
Holocaust
The Holocaust was led by Hitler, the Nazi leader of Germany during WWII. It started with Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews across Germany. This marked the beginning of a campaign to exterminate Jews. In 1942, Hitler's "Final Solution" aimed to kill all Jews in Europe. Jews were taken to concentration camps where they were forced to work or were killed
What was the Cold War
A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, and their respective allies after WWII
Soviet Union Occupation after WWII
The USSR had created communist governments in eastern european countries leading to the division with western democracies
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A military alliance formed in 1949 between North American and European countries to counter Soviet influence
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance of communist nation in Eastern Europe organized in response to NATO
Goal of Truman Doctrine
To contain the spread of communism by providing political, military, and economic assistance to threatened nations
Focus of Marshall Plan
To rebuild war-torn Europe, promote economic recovery, and prevent the spread of communism by providing financial aid
Proxy Wars
Mini wars that were during the cold war between other opposing countries while the US and Soviets had supported opposing sides instead of being directly involved
Major Cold War Conflicts
Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet-Afghan War.
Ho Chi Minh
Leader of North Vietnam and the communist movement during the Vietnam War
Domino Theory
The belief that the fall of one country to communism would lead to the spread of communism to neighboring countries.
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