HOSA Pathophysiology - Musculoskeletal Systems

Vitamin D

Regulates cellular function, and aids in calcium absorption. It is essential for maintaining bone health.

Calcium

Vital mineral for the bones, it provides hardness to the bones.

Phosphorous

A mineral that works with calcium to maintain bone hardness and health.

Collagen

Main protein for bone health. Provides flexibility to bones as well.

Osteocytes

Matures bone cells.

Osteblasts

Helps build bone cells.

Osteoclasts

Helps resorbing bone tissue and cells.

Compact bone

Dense and strong bone tissue that covers the bone.

Spongy bone

Contains marrow and is lighter than compact bone, providing structural support and flexibility.

Red marrow

Essential for blood cell formation, located in spaces at the end of long bones.

Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate)

Cartilage near each end of long bones, promotes bone growth and is located in the epiphysis.

Periosteum

Forms new bone tissue and attaches tendons. It is a dense vascular layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of bones.

Joints

the areas where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and flexibility in the skeletal system. Amount of movement and type of movement at a joint defines bone shape.

Ligaments

Tough bands of tissue that hold bones and bones together. (Bone Like Bone)

Tendons

Connect muscle to bones

Synovial Fluid

Acts as a lubricant for joints, ensures smooth and free movement.

Synovial membrane

Secretes synovial fluid

Skeletal Muscle

Muscles firmly attached to bone by tendons. Consists of muscle fiber bundles and held by connective tissue.

Myoneural junction

Stimulates nerves to contract or shorten muscles to move.

Smooth Muscle

An involuntary muscle found in walls of blood vessel.

Cardiac Muscle

An involuntary muscle found in the heart

Osteomyelitis

Bacterial infection of the bone usually caused by bone trauma, or in diabetics.

Tuberculosis

Infection of the bacterium “Mycobacterium tuberculosis”, infection starts from the lung and spreads to the bone.

Rickets

Lack of calcium, vitamin D, or phosphorous in children leading to improper ossification of the bone in early childhood.

Osteomalacia

Lack of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorous leading to decalcification and softening of bone in adults.

Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans)

Over production of bone, typically in skull, vertebrae, or pelvis. Excessive bone growth leads to enlarged skull, or curved led and spinal column.

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine. Possibly caused by, fusion of the vertebrae during development, neuromuscular abnormality, or weak back muscle.

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Malignant bone tumor of the bone. Signs include fractures near the sarcoma, bony masses, and dull localization of pain.

Bone Trauma (Open Fracture)

Impact to the bone cause the broken ends of the bone to protrude from the skin.

Bone Trauma (Closed Fracture)

Bone breaks cleanly from impact and cannot be seen from the outside.

Bone Trauma (Comminuted)

Impact to the bone causing the bone to be shattered in the small pieces.

Bone Trauma (Impacted)

Broken ends of bone impact and crush into each other.

Bone Trauma (Depression)

Broken bone presses inward.

Bone Trauma (Spiral)

Bone is twisted and becomes a jagged bone.

Bone Trauma (Greenstick)

Bone breaks partially, but not completely.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic autoimmune disease that affects several joints, and their surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Osteoarthritis

A form of arthritis that can be caused by either, normal aging (primary), or secondary (joint trauma). Affected joints lose range of motion and muscles weaken.

Gout (Gouty arthritis)

Excess uric acid in blood causing, pain, heat, swelling, and redness of joints.

Septic Arthritis

Bacterial infection of a joint usually from surgery, or trauma; could spread into blood form the infection site.

Bursitis

Over usage of a joint, typically shoulder or knee. Pain may lead to lack of mobility in joint.

Joint Trauma (Herniated Discs)

Ruptures of cartilaginous pads between the bony bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Leads to lower back pain and immobility.

Joint Trauma (Dislocation)

Displaced bones from their typical position. The bone must be rested by being “popped” back in place.

Joint Trauma (Sprains)

Twisting a joint that injures the ligament. Swelling and discoloration as a result of hemorrhaging from ruptured blood vessels.

Joint Trauma (Strains)

Pulled muscle leading to tearing of a muscle or tendon, typically from excessive use or over stretching.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Overuse of of hand from manual tasks (typing, playing piano), causes numbness of hand and pain throughout arm.

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

Hereditary disease where skeletal muscles weaken and potentially cardiac muscles.

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

From of MD from cytoskeletal protein dystrophin being missing.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Autoimmune disorder of the myoneural junction. Reduction to lack of voluntary movement and atrophy.

Muscle Tumors

Also known as, rhabdomyosarcomas, is a malignant tumor of the skeletal muscles.