Parasitology Exam 2

What is the hosts for Alaria Americana?

DH: Canids, 1st Aquatic Snails, 2nd Tadpoles, PH: Water Snakes

How is the Alaria Americana infection spread?

Fecal/Oral and unencysted through IHS

What medicine treats Alaria Americana?

Praziquantel

Does Alaria Americana migrate? If so where? Human specific?

Yes. Migrate to lungs + small intestines. In humans it infects nearly every organ,

Hallmark symptoms for Alaria Americana

Dog: Enteritis, dehydration, and death; Humans: Hemorrhage, tissue damage + death

What is the hosts for Schistosoma mansoni?

DH: Humans, IH: Snails

How is the Schistosoma mansoni infection spread?

Penetration of Skin

What medicine treats Schistosoma mansoni?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Schistosoma mansoni migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae travel via blood to lungs, heart, and liver. After maturing they migrate to mesenteric veins in bowel while eggs migrate in the tissue.

What is the hosts for Schistosoma haematobium?\n\n

DH: Humans, IH: Aquatic Snails, RH: Chimpanzees and Baboons

How is the Schistosoma haematobium infection spread?\n\n

Infects water —> infects snails —> infects water —> infects humans

What medicine treats Schistosoma haematobium?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Schistosoma haematobium migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Migrate via bloodstream to lungs and liver before settling in vesical venous plexus which surrounds the bladder (they can reach genital organs)

What is the hosts for Schistosoma japonicum?\n\n

DH: Humans + Mammals (eating fish), IH: Aquatic Snails, RH: Cattle, dogs, horses, pigs, etc

How is the Schistosoma japonicum infection spread?\n\n

What medicine treats Schistosoma japonicum?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Schistosoma japonicum migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Yes, the eggs often go to the brain which causes Cerebral Schistosoma; adults lie in the small intestines

What is the hosts for Schistosome cercarial dermatitis?\n\n

Humans are DEAD END HOSTS

DH: Waterfowl + small animals

IH: Snails

How is the Schistosome cercarial dermatitis infection spread?\n\n

Cercarua penetrate the skin —> immune system kills easily

What medicine treats Schistosome cercarial dermatitis?\n\n

Anti-itch cream, Calamine + Corticosteroids

Does Schistosome cercarial dermatitis migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

They penetrate but cannot complete migration since they are not a human adapted parasite —> They wander

What is the hosts for Fasciola hepatica?\n\n

DH: Ruminants + Humans

IH: Aquatic Snails

RH: Sheep, Cattle, Rabbits

How is the Fasciola hepatica infection spread?\n\n

Infected by ingesting watercress

Metacercaria encyst on water plants

Enter intestines w/ bile and exit w/ feces

What medicine treats Fasciola hepatica?\n\n

Triclabendazole

Does Fasciola hepatica migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Juveniles migrate anywhere in the body

What is the hosts for Fascioloides magna?\n\n

DH: Cervids (deer + elk), cattle, sheep

IH: Snail

Does Fascioloides magna migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Cervids: Limited Migration

Sheep: Yes, migration causes hemorrhage and peritonitis

What is the hosts for Ribeiroia ondatrae?\n\n

DH: Carnivorous birds + mammals (eat frogs)

1st IH: Aquatic Snails

2nd IH: Fish + Amphibians

How is the Ribeiroia ondatrae infection spread?\n\n

Predation

Does Ribeiroia ondatrae migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Cercaria go to limb bud region in tadpoles

What is the hosts for Dicrocoelium dendriticum?\n\n

DH: Sheep, Cattle, goats, pigs, cervids

1st IH: Land Snail

2nd IH: Ants

How is the Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection spread?\n\n

Unembryonated eggs pass w/ feces

Fecal/Oral

Ants develop the metacercaria

Does Dicrocoelium dendriticum migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Snails: Migrate to lungs

Ants: Encysted metacercaria encyst in a portion of the brain

What is the hosts for Paragonimus westermani?\n\n

Dh: Mammals, felids, canids, mustelids, viverrids, humans, swine

PH: Many

1st IH: Aquatic Snail

2nd IH: Crabs and Crayfish

How is the Paragonimus westermani infection spread?\n\n

Eating undercooked or pickled crab/crayfish

What medicine treats Paragonimus westermani?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Paragonimus westermani migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Worms can travel to the brain and to striated muscles (eggs cannot leave these sites though)

What is the hosts for Nanophyetus salmincola?\n\n

DH: Mammals

1st IH: Aquatic Snails

2nd IH: Salmon, Crustaceans

How is the Nanophyetus salmincola infection spread?\n\n

Infected by eating crustaceans and salmon

What medicine treats Nanophyetus salmincola?\n\n

Fluke: Praziquantel

Rickettsia: Oxytetracycline

Does Nanophyetus salmincola migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

They migrate through tissues throughout the body but mature in small intestines and encyst in kidneys

What is the hosts for Clonorchis sinensis?\n\n

DH: Humans + Mammals

1st IH: Aquatic Snails

2nd IH: Fish, Crustaceans

RH: Dogs + Cats

How is the Clonorchis sinensis infection spread?\n\n

Eating raw fish

Cercaria penetrate the muscles + scales of fish

What medicine treats Clonorchis sinensis?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Clonorchis sinensis migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Juveniles migrate within the body and encyst in duodenum, they penetrate intestinal mucosa and travel into bile ducts

What is the hosts for Diphyllobothrium latum?\n\n

DH: Fish eating mammals + humans, canines, felids, mustelids, and pinnipeds

1st IH: Copepods (Crustaceans)

2nd IH: Fish (PINK SALMON)

How is the Diphyllobothrium latum infection spread?\n\n

Eggs passed in feces

Coracidium develops egg and swims until eaten by copepod

What medicine treats Diphyllobothrium latum?\n\n

Niclosamide and Praziquantel

Does Diphyllobothrium latum migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae migrate in IH —> Digestive tract to muscles + organs (IH AND DH)

What is the hosts for Spirometra mansonoides?\n\n

ACCIDENTAL HOST: Humans (Can’t serve as DH)

PH: Humans

2nd IH: Humans, Fish, reptiles, amphibians

How is the Spirometra mansonoides infection spread?\n\n

Ingestion of copepods

Fecal Oral (water)

Eating raw amphibians, reptiles, birds, or mammals

What medicine treats Spirometra mansonoides?\n\n

Medicine Ineffective

Surgical Removal

Does Spirometra mansonoides migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Migrate in IH —> after ingestion larvae penetrate intestine and migrate to tissues, muscles, and organs in DH

What is the hosts for Spargana spirometra mansonoides?\n\n

DH: Cats

What medicine treats Spargana spirometra mansonoides?\n\n

Praziquantel

Surgical Removal often needed

Does Spargana spirometra mansonoides migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Humans accidetnly ingest procercoid stage —> larvae migrate in tissues, muscles, and organs

What is the hosts for Taenia saginata?\n\n

DH: Humans

IH: Cattle

How is the Taenia saginata infection spread?\n\n

Gravid Proglottids deatch and are passed in feces or they migrate out

Fecal/Oral

Cysts in IH are eaten by DH

What medicine treats Taenia saginata?\n\n

Niclosamide

Praziquantel

Does Taenia saginata migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Gravid Proglottids actively migrate out of the anus —> can go to gut, bile duct, pancreas, and appendix

What is the hosts for Taenia solium?\n\n

DH: Huamns

IH: Swine (Cats + dogs)

Humans are IH during Cysticercosis

How is the Taenia solium infection spread?\n\n

Gravid proglottids detach and are passed

Fecal/oral

Proglottids can migrate out but flags can also eat and carry them

DH eats undercooked pork

What medicine treats Taenia solium?\n\n

Praziquantel BUT NOT FOR CYSTICERCOSIS IN EYE OR CNS

Does Taenia solium migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae migrate through body. Hatch in intestine —> blood stream to tissues. Adults move in the human intestine.

What is the hosts for Echinococcus granulosus?\n\n

DH: Mainly Canids

IH: Many (Herbivores)

Different strains per DH/IH combo

How is the Echinococcus granulosus infection spread?\n\n

Eggs passed in feces

Fecal/oral

Common in sheep raising areas w/ dogs (Herbs + Carns)

What medicine treats Echinococcus granulosus?\n\n

IH: Albendazole

DH: Praziquantel and Surgery (PAIR)

Does Echinococcus granulosus migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Hexacanth embryo hatches then penetrates gut walls before migrating to organs (livers and lungs) and forming cysts

What is the hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis?\n\n

DH: Canids (Mainly Foxes)

IH: Rodents

How is the Echinococcus multilocularis infection spread?\n\n

DH predates on rodent IH

Eggs passed in feces

Fecal/Oral

What medicine treats Echinococcus multilocularis?\n\n

Albendazole

No surgery

Does Echinococcus multilocularis migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae migrate within IH after ingestion: small intestine —> intestinal wall —> circulatory system —> liver and other organs

What is the hosts for Dipylidium caninum?\n\n

DH: Dogs, Cats, Humans (rare but usually in children)

How is the Dipylidium caninum infection spread?\n\n

Gravid Proglottids passed in feces or move out of anus

Larval fleas eat egg packet and DH eats flea

What medicine treats Dipylidium caninum?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Dipylidium caninum migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Gravid Proglottids can migrate out of the anus

What is the hosts for Hymenolepis nana?\n\n

DH: Rodents + Humans

IH: Fleas + beetles

How is the Hymenolepis nana infection spread?\n\n

Indirect: Eggs in feces (fecal/oral)

Direct: AUTOINFECTION

What medicine treats Hymenolepis nana?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Hymenolepis nana migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae migrate but only within the host’s intestinal wall

What is the hosts for Hymenolepis diminuta?\n\n

DH: Rat

IH: Arthropod (Stored Grain Beetle specifically)

What medicine treats Hymenolepis diminuta?\n\n

Praziquantel

Does Hymenolepis diminuta migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Worm migrates in small intestines of the host

What is the hosts for Trichuris trichiura?\n\n

DH: humans (specifically kids)

How is the Trichuris trichiura infection spread?\n\n

Eggs passed in soil

Low Sanitation + Warm + Shady Areas

Ingestion of Eggs (Fecal/oral)

What medicine treats Trichuris trichiura?\n\n

Mebendazole

Albendazole

Does Trichuris trichiura migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae hatch then migrate to the cecum and penetrate the mucosa

What is the hosts for Trichinellosis?\n\n

DH/IH: Carnivorous animals —> swine, humans, rodents, etc (Both DH and IH)

How is the Trichinellosis infection spread?\n\n

Ingesting meat with cysts inside it

Sylvatic Cycle

Eating badly processed meat

What medicine treats Trichinellosis?\n\n

No Treatment

Treat the symptoms

Does Trichinellosis migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Larvae migrate through the liver, heart, lungs, and arteries to straited muscles and encyst —> encysted larvae will calcify Inhumans and invade bowel mucosa

What is the hosts for Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale?\n\n

DH: Humans

How is the Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale infection spread?\n\n

Fecal Oral

L3 infective and penetrate skin

Rhabditiform larvae frow in feces and in soil

What medicine treats Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale?\n\n

Mebendazole
Dietary Supplementation

Creeping Eruption: Thiabendazole

Does Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Carried through blood vessels to heart and lungs, penetrate pulmonary alveoli so they can reach the small intestine

What is the hosts for Strongyloides stercoralis?\n\n

Humans are the only host

How is the Strongyloides stercoralis infection spread?\n\n

Penetrate through the skin

AUTOINFECTION

What medicine treats Strongyloides stercoralis?\n\n

Ivermectin

Alternatives: Albendazole and Mebendazole

Does Strongyloides stercoralis migrate? If so where? Human specific?\n\n

Migrate to small intestine either directly or through the lungs.

What is the hosts for Baylisascaris procyonis?\n\n

DH: Raccoons, dogs

PH: Rodents, humans