BOTANY

Week 1

BOTANY

BOTANY

- the study of plants

- It is called plant science

"botane" means?

grass

Theophrastus

• “Father of Plant Science”

• History of Plants

• causes of plants

ARISTOTLE

•Founder of plant science"

•he wrote that all plant life is lower and less specialized than animal life.

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

• multicellular living thing that come in different ghapes and sizes.

• usually green in color.

- plants have adapted to a wide variety of habitatg and methods of reproducing and dispersing themselves -autotrophs -utilize light energy and convert it to chemical energy

-they are anchored in the soil but they are capable of movement called tropism.

Autotrophs

-utilize light energy and convert it to chemical energy

TROPISM

- the way a plant grows in responge to the stimuli in the environment.

PHOTOTROPISM

Light

GEOTROPISM

Gravity

THIGMOTROPISM

touch

HYDROTROPISM

Water

CHEMOTROPISM

Chemicals

PLASTIDS

Color of plants

CHROMOPLASTS

Color of plastids

LEUCOPLASTS

No color of plastids

ASEXUAL

-single parent, vegetative production

SEXUAL

- pollination

POLLINATION

-act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma

NEGATIVE GEOTROPISM

-away from stimulus

POSITIVE GEOTROPISM

-towards stimulus

PLANTS...

•are highly integrated organisms consist of an organized parts.

•plants exchange energy with their environment.

•plant metabolism is based on the principles of chemistry

·respond and adapt to their environment.

•reproduce by pasting their genes and information to their descendants

• Share parts common to ancestry

STIMULI

-external factors

-causes the reaction

2 CLASSES IN KINGDOM PLANTAE

Vascular and Non Vascular

Vascular

-Seed Bearing (Gymnospermae) and Spore Bearing (Angiospermae)

-Ferns, Horsetail

Seed Bearing

Gymnospermae

Spore Bearing

Angiospermae

Non Vascular

Moses and Liverworts

VASCULAR

• plants that have tubes that carry nutrients

GYMNOSPERMAE

• cone bearing

ANGIOSPERMAE

- spore bearing/ flowering seeds

OVARY

- part of flower that ripes

FERNS, HORSETAIL

-seedless

CUTICLE

-protects the cell of plants

Pollen

even plants do not need water to reproduce, the transfer of sperm is by

Embryos

are protected in the seeds

COLUMBINE

- a short lived plant with an average lifespan of about three or four years.

SEQUOIA

-world largest free.

-found in California

-the oldest known 9 pecimen is 8,266 years old.

PANDO TREES

-World's oldest living plant

- tree colony is estimated 80,000 years old.

AMOC TOOO PCEB means…

Atom, Molecules, Organelles, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, and Biosphere

Organelles

-parts of the cell

Lysosome

-suicide bag of the cell

Ribosomes

- synthesis of proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

-synthesis of lipids

Centriole

-division of cells

TISSUES

-is a group of same or mixed type of cells having common origin and performing specialized function

HISTOLOGY

-is the science that deals about tissues.

Meristematic Tissues

- young / immature

-cell division doesn't stop.

APICAL

-tip of a particular plant.

•growth of stem above the ground.

•growth of roots below the ground.

INTERCALARY

-located at the base of the leaves

-helps for the primary tissue to become enlarge

-between nodes

LATERAL

- Horizontal side of plants.

-increasement of thickness of plants

-vascular and cork combum

Permanent Tissues

-mature

-cell division stop

• Surface tissue

- Found at the epidermal of leaves

Stomata

- exchange gases

Guard cells

-regulate the opening and closing

• Fundamental

-Foundation, essential

Parenchyma

-thin walls

-gas cellulose

collenchyma

-thick wall

-made of cellulose

-pectin

-less chloroplast in cell

Schlenchyma

-thicker than collenchyma

-dead tissue

-rigid texture

-mechanical support and rigidity of plants

Vascular tissue:

XYLEM

-transport water upwards

PHLOEM

transport food-downward

SEED PLANT

-plants which forms seeds

-also called SPERMATOPHYTES or SPERMATOPHYTA

-not all seed plant produce flower

Gymnospermae

- seed plants which do not have flowers.

-their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit but often borne on a scale like structure known as cones

Ex. Pine free, spruce, and Fir.

Angiospermae

-seed plants which produce flowers as well as seeds.

-the seed is contained in an enclosed structure called FRUITS which are the result of fertilization of ovary inside the flower.

MONOCOT

• long / narrow linear leaves with the vein parallel to the central vein. (Midbrid)

Ex. grass, bamboo, sugarcane, banana, bamboo

MONOCOT

• one cotyledon (seed)

• petal and sepal are three or multiple of 3 (flower)

• fibrous roots (roots)

• scattered (vascular)

• parallel veins (leaves)

DICOT

-have broad leaves with netted venation

Ex. mango tree, acacia tree, sampaloc, gumamela

DICOT

• Flower parts whorls of four or five (flowers)

• 2 cotyledon (seeds)

• Tap roots (roots)

• Ringed (vascular)

• Net like (leaves)

LEAVES

-lateral outgrowth of the stem

- typically thin, flat, expanded green structure of plant

-highly effective energy converters.

BLADE

-broad, flat, expanded light harvesting portion of the leaf

VEINS

- networks found in both sides of the midbrid which is the continuation of the vascular tissue

PETIOLE

-Stalk which is cylindrical

-attaches the blade to the stem.

STIPULES

- egg like lobe at the base of the petiole

MIDBRID

-long thickened structure which is a continuation of the petiole up to the opposite end of the leaf.

a.    According to composition

-simple and compound

a. According to composition

* American elm

* Ginkgo

* sweetgum

* Corm

b. According to Venation

-parallel and netted

c. According to Texture

• Fleshy leaves and Succulent leaves

c. According to Texture

*Coriaceous leaf

*Chartaceous

d. According to shape

-needle shaped

-cordate

-linear

-oblong

-eliptic

-lanceolate

-ovate

-obuvate

Botanist

people who studies plants