Civil Rights Movement and Presidential Actions

Eisenhower

President from 1953 to 1961, initially avoided civil rights.

Brown v. Board of Ed

1954 Supreme Court case declaring school segregation unconstitutional.

Little Rock Integration

Eisenhower sent troops to enforce school integration in 1957.

John F. Kennedy

President from 1961 to 1963, hesitant on civil rights.

National Guard

State military force used to protect integration efforts.

LBJ

Lyndon B. Johnson, President from 1963 to 1969.

Civil Rights Laws

Legislation passed under LBJ to honor JFK's legacy.

Vietnam War

Conflict that diverted LBJ's focus from civil rights.

COINTELPRO

FBI program aimed at discrediting perceived threats, 1956-1971.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader assassinated in 1965 by Nation of Islam.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader assassinated in 1968 by a white supremacist.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination based on race, religion, gender.

Public Facilities

Act outlawed discrimination in hotels, restaurants, theaters.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned discriminatory voting practices, enforced voting rights.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Election Materials

Required in multiple languages where 5% don't read English.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Follow-up act banning housing discrimination and promoting rights.

Fred Hampton

Black Panther leader killed in a police raid.

Rainbow Coalition

Hampton's initiative for solidarity among racial groups.

FBI Letter to MLK

Attempted to intimidate King into suicide.

Assassination Effects

Led to increased extremism among civil rights activists.

Housing Discrimination

Outlawed under Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Voting Intimidation

Banned threats against voters under Voting Rights Act.

Federal Approval

Required for new voting laws in discriminatory areas.

Public Reaction Polls

Surveys on public opinion of MLK and civil rights.

Civil Rights Movement

Struggle for social justice and equality in America.

Southern Resistance

Opposition to civil rights initiatives in Southern states.

Equality in Employment

JFK's early focus on federal employment rights.

Assassination Conspiracy Theories

Speculations surrounding the deaths of MLK and Malcolm X.

Civil Rights Enforcement

Federal government's role in ensuring civil rights compliance.

Discriminatory Effects

Practices with adverse impacts on specific racial groups.

Essential Activities

Rights protected under Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Federal Troops

Used by Eisenhower and JFK to enforce integration.

LBJ's Southern Strategy

Leveraged his background to pass civil rights legislation.