unit 4 ; scientific, philosphical, and political developments

capitalism

economic system based off of private ownership

liberalism

support for individual human rights, constitutional government and free markets backed by the middle class

conservatism

favored monarchy, tradition, and religion: reaction to french revelution

socialism

advocating for economic equality and social ownership to shrink the gap between rich ppl and poor ppl

communism

radical socialism that seeks to eliminate private property and wants a classless society

marxism

political and economical theory that called for a classless society

karl marx

developed marxism

nationalism

pride in one country

anarchism

political theory that advocates for a governmentless society

romanticism

emphasized emotion, nature,, and nationialism; reaction to the enlightenment

realism

focused on portraying everyday life, especially the working class; reaction to romanticism

imperialism

european powers expanding powers over africa and asia

zionism

jewish nationalism

militarism

belief in building strong armed forces and preparing for war

industrialism

society driven by urbanism and factory labor

revelutions of 1830

liberal and nationalist uprisings reacting to conservative restoration after the congress of vienna

congress of vienna

ended the french revelution and aimed to make sure that no one country dominates europe again

revolutions of 1848 (high chance that this will be the dbq)

a series of liberal and nationalist revolts across europe that sought 2 adress social issues and achieve political reform

indusrialization

massive economic and social tranformation that gave rise to industrialism and urbanization

scientific revolution

challenged traditional views of the universe

enlightenment

applied reason to society, politics, and economics

copernicus

heliocentric theory

gallileo

uses telescope to support heliocentric theory & challenges church authority

newton

law of universal gravitation

francis bacon

developed the empirical method

voltaire

advocate for freedom of speech and religion

john locke

influenced liberalism

mary wollstonecraft

early feminist

frederick the great of prussia

enlightend absolutist who allowed religious tolerance & legal reform

joseph ii (austria)

(abolished serfdom)

war of the spanish succession

dispute over who should inherit the spanish throne after the childless charles ii