BYU Western Humanities 202 Exam 1

What religious, philosophical, or political ideas influenced the arts from the latter part of the 16th through 17th centuries?

Humans are pinnacle of creation, the human body is ideal, study and learn to reach ideal (humanism)

Causes, characteristics, and main people involved of the Reformation.

Erasmus (believed men could be changed by education), Luther (religion to people, formation of new ideas, 95 theses)

Causes, characteristics, and main people involved in the Counter Reformation.

Council of Trent (to reconcile differences)

What elements of Shakespeare's Hamlet are anti-renaissance or mannerist?

Hamlet starts humanistic (choices, faith, brave, brilliant), but falls

Cynicism, mysticism, distorted, fall throughout play

Compare and contrast Luther and Erasmus and their approach to the evils they saw in the church.

Erasmus thought people could be changed by education, Luther believed more in predestination, Both agreed that individuals should know what scriptures said for themselves.

What characterizes Baroque music (see handout)

Motor rhythm, unflagging, decorative (trills, grace notes). Instruments: piccolo trumpet, harpsichord

What characterizes Baroque architecture and how is it different from Renaissance architecture?

Baroque: decorated, over done, undulating facade, overwhelming, sense of awe, emotional, dramatic, diagonal lines, flowing

What is mysticism and how is it expressed during the Counter-Reformation and Baroque

Ghosts and interest in supernatural around a long time

divine experience not through church

ex: (Counter-Reformation) Bernini's St Teresa in Ecstacy

ex: (Baroque) Crashaw's "The Flaming Heart" and other metaphysical poetry.

How did Northern and Italian Renaissance differ? What characterized Northern Renaissance?

Italy: overdone, decorated

North: trying to clear it out

Define Renaissance, Mannerism, and Baroque. Be able to give examples representing the styles. How do they differ?

Renaissance: rebirth of classics, Greeks

Mannerism: abnormal, disjointed, emotional

Baroque: emotional, decorating

In what way did Bernini produce drama and emotion in his sculpture?

Focused face, in motion, determined and intense stare, humble clothes, Saul's armor, pregnant moment (in the middle of the action), diagonals (more tension), corkscrew motion (viewer must move around)

Why can Mannerist painters be considered the first truly modern artists? How are they similar to modern artists?

Mannerists purposefully distort (realism), like modern artists.

How did El Greco achieve religious emotion in his paintings?

bodies not proportionate, nothing in the middle, unrealistic colors, mysticism, other-worldly religious experience, foreshortening

What is the difference between the program of beauty (classical, academic) and the program of realism in Baroque painting? In which camp would you place Caravaggio, Caracci, Poussin, Lorraine, Valesquez, Rubens, and Dutch painters?

Classical/academic: harsh lines, outlines, freeze frame, classical content. ex: Caracci, Poussin, Lorraine

Realism: light and dark contrasts, flowing, softer lines. ex: Caravaggio, Valesquez, Rubens, Dutch painters (Van Dyck, Hals, Rembrandt, Vermeer)

How did Valesquez make his paintings appear life-like and why was he admired by the impressionists?

portrayed ordinary, down to earth facial types, lots of little strokes for illusion of object, light

Major themes in Paradise Lost

By Milton

Satan vs Mankind

Satan as a fallen hero to pride and arrogance

Mankind is not doomed, able to progress from Adam's fall (humanist)

Men in a positive light (humanist)

Adam takes fruit because he loves Eve so much

Through Christ men can be saved from the fall

Metaphysical poets

Donne "Death be not proud" and "No man is an island" and Crashaw "The Flaming Heart" about St. Teresa

What did Donne have to say about our relationship with each other?

"No man is an island," we are all connected and part of each others' experience; when one dies, a little bit of us dies

How was Ruben's outlook on life reflected in his art?

loved life, paintings were full of drama and passion and action and emotion

How did Rembrandt express his religious feeling?

in etchings, Christ as a human person preaching to and comforting those in needs. Lived with Jews and sketched their faces into the etching

What kind of lines give a feeling of serenity and harmony?

horizontal

What line portrays action?

vertical

What lines give an impression of nervousness or violent energy?

diagonal

How did the new discoveries in science affect arts?

Telescopes and microscopes discovered new ideas that gave philosophers food for thought that was depicted in art. Oil paints allowed paintings to be more detailed (work over long periods of time), more depth, color, and texture. Printing press allowed art to travel quickly

Compare and contrast Northern humanism with Italian humanism.

North: peasant daily life, simple

Italian: wealthy class, elaborate, detail, religions

Describe the development of opera.

Greek tradition

Realize Greek plays were sung/chanted

Tried to recreate, wrote own music

Developed into music and action intertwined -- opera!!!

What was the scientific revolution? Who contributed and how?

telescopes, microscopes, oil paints, printing press -- philosophy. ...

How did Descartes and other thinkers influence humanism and materialism?

Wanted to prove that man/everything existed;

The legacy left by the Northern Renaissance, mannerism, reformation, counter-reformation, humanism, baroque, and scientific revolution.

Italian lead to the Northern Renaissance and each have lead to the next step bringing us to today.

Put the following in chronological order:

Messiah first performed, El Greco, Durer, Rembrandt, Henry VIII breaks with Catholicism, Luther nails his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg church.

Now is the Month of Maying

Morley, Now is the Month of Maying

Canon in D

Pachelbel, Canon in D

1st Movement, Winter Concert, No. 4 in F Minor, from 4 Seasons, Op 8

Vivaldi, 1st Movement, Winter Concert, No. 4 in F Minor, from 4 Seasons, Op 8

Organ Fugue in G Minor

Bach, Organ Fugue in G Minor

Allegro Movement, from Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major

Bach, Allegro Movement, from Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major

Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott from Cantata #80

Bach, Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott from Cantata #80

Overture from Messiah

Handel, Overture from Messiah

Every Valley from Messiah

Handel, Every Valley from Messiah

For Unto Us A Child is Born from Messiah

Handel, For Unto Us A Child is Born from Messiah

Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah

Handel, Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah

I Know That My Redeemer Liveth from Messiah

Handel, I Know That My Redeemer Liveth from Messiah

Orfeo ...

Monteverdi, Orfeo ...

Durer, Self Portrait. oil

Durer, St. Michael and the War of Heaven. Woodcut

Durer, Knight, Death, and the Devil. Engraving

Grunewald, Crucifixion. Isenheim alterpiece (closed). Oil

Grunewald, Resurrection. Isenheim alterpiece (open). Oil

Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights. Oil

Breughel, Peasant Wedding. Oil

Brueghel, Hunters in the Snow. Oil

Lescot, Louvre Palace. Northern Renaissance

Maderna, Façade of St. Peter's Basilica.

Bernini, Arcade

Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew. Oil

Caravaggio, Martyrdom of St. Matthew. Oil

Bernini, David

Bernini, St. Teresa in Ecstacy

Borromini, Church of the Four Fountains.

De la Tour, Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. Oil

Poussin, Abduction of the Sabine Women. Oil

Poussin, Et in Arcadie Ego. Oil

Le Vau and Hardouin-Mansart, Versailles Palace

Hall of Mirrors, Versailles Palace

El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz. Oil. Mannerism

Velazquez, Las Meninas. Oil

Rubens, Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus. Oil

mannerism

Rubens, Marie de Medici. Oil

mannerism.2

Hals, Banquet of the Officers of the Civic Guard of St. George, 1616

Vermeer, Women in Blue. Oil

women reading letter with map behind her

Rembrant, The Night Watch, 1642

Rembrant, Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph, 1656

Absolutism

complete political and religious power. ex: King Louis 14th; "Sun King," divine right, all about him

Anabaptists

Protestant group, adult baptism, must choose to be baptized, North Europe, persecuted.

Apocalypse

complete destruction and end of the world. "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" by Durer

Blank verse

Paradise Lost, iambic pentameter but not rhymed

Calvinism

John Calvin followers. Predestination, elect.

Chiaroscuro

Italian for "light -- dark," artistic technique were subtle graduations of value create the illusion of rounded 3-d forms in space, called modeling

Conceit

metaphor or comparison that compares two really unlikely things, not normal comparison. ex: romance and compass comparison in Donne's "Our two souls..."

Copernicus

scientist, first one who hypothesizes that we live in a heliocentric solar system with sun at the center, not a popular idea because against Biblical interpretations and beliefs

Council of Trent

Catholic church meeting in Trent, Italy, deciding what to do about Protestant Reformation and stating own doctrines and beliefs. Counter-Reformation (the Catholic church trying to revamp itself), Called on artists to remind Catholic church of its splendor and power

Deductive

Medieval logic, belief in abstract generalities and eternal absolutes to explain, contemplation

Descartes

Philosophy, proves human existence, "I think therefore I am." "cogito ergo sum"

Engraving

Scratched into metal surface and inked, can get lines close together to create grays, exL Durer's Knight, Death, and the Devil

Epic

A really long poem. Praise Lost by Milton is a sort of Christian epic

Galileo

science, better technology, telescopes, agreed with Copernicus that the sun was at the center of the solar system, experimented (dropping things from the tower of pisa), idea not accepted well, Catholic church made him take it all back.

Genre painting

a style of painting depicting scenes from ordinary life, domestic situations, 1600s Dutch and Flemish artists

Geocentric

representing the earth as the center of the solar system

Heliocentric

sun at the center of the solar system, Copernicus

Huguenots

French Protestants, followed John Calvin

Inductive

observes and makes claims from the details, experiments

Indulgences

paying church to have sins pardoned, according to Luther people cheated because no what you do it does not change your state of salvation because of predestination

Jesuits

mystical, taught church rules black or white, key figures in counter-reformation strategy of catholic church,

Kepler

science, telescopes, planets orbit

Landscape

gardens, French well groomed and tamed lawns. Versailles.

Lutheranism

luther saw all man as corrupt and fallen, predestinations, against indulgences

Materialism

Hobbes, man made of matter, atheist

Mysticism

as in St. Teresa, mystical divine experience

Pilaster

Column/wall, rectangular, juts our from wall (Louvre)

Tabula rasa

Locke, "blank slate" (not blank space)

Triptych

3 fold altarpiece (Grunewald, Bosch)

Undulating

move with smooth wave like motion