Studied by 4 peopleNon-renewable energy source
Energy source that is limited and cannot be replaced
Nuclear, fossil fuels
Renewable energy source
Energy source that is continually and infinitely available
Solar, wind, water, geothermal, tidal, biomass
Perfect Machine
Hypothetical machine in which all the input energy is converted completely into mechanical energy
Second law of thermodynamics
Heat always flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object
Never naturally from a cold object to a hot object
First law of thermodynamics
The total energy, including heat, in a system and its surroundings remains constant
Isolated System
Cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings
Example of a closed system
Closed can of soup
Closed system
Cannot exchange matter but can exchange energy with its surroundings
Example of an open system
Earth
Open system
System that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings
An energy conversion in technological systems
Hydro-electric dams convert the energy of moving water into electricity
An energy conversion in natural systems
The hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction that occurs at the center of the sun
Law of conservation of energy
That the total amount of energy in a given situation remains constant, energy can be converted but the total amount never changes
Elastic potential energy
Energy stored in an object has its shape changed by stretching, twisting, or compressing
Potential energy
Energy that is stored and held in the readiness, energy that has the potential to do work
Thermodynamics
Study of the interrelationships between heat, work, and energy
Heat
Energy transferred from an object at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature
Thermal energy
The amount of energy possessed by a substance by virtue of the kinetic energy of its molecules or atoms
Mechanical energy
Energy due to the motion and position of an object
Gravitational potential energy
An object raised above the Earth’s surface has the potential to do work because of its position
Things with kinetic energy
Flowing water, wind, any object in motion
Solar energy
Energy from the sun
Generated by a hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction
Nuclear energy
Potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Electrical energy
Work done by moving charges
Energy produced by electrons
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of compounds
Energy
The ability to do work
Work
A measure of the amount of energy transferred from one object to another when an object moved against an opposing force or the speed of an object increases
Velocity
Speed and direction of an object
Motion
The changing position in an object relative to a reference point
Uniform motion
Movement in a straight line at a constant speed
Rule for total mechanical energy
For any object that is in motion, the total mechanical energy stays the same as long as there are no effects from friction
Total mechanical energy
The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy at any given time
Energy efficiency
A measure of how much energy is converted into another form
Vector quantity
A quantity that has a magnitude and a direction
EX: 30 m/s East
Scalar quantity
A quantity that only has a magnitude, only a numer
EX: 5m
Kinetic energy
Related to the speed at which something is moving
Energy of motion
Acceleration
The velocity of an object changes during a time interval
Speed calculation
By knowing the distance traveled and the time required travelling that distance
Kinematics
The study of motion
Uses the measurements of distance and time
Position
A vector quantity
Refers to a specific point relative to a reference point
Displacement
A vector quantity
Refers to an objects change in position
Distance
A scalar quantity
Refers to how much ground something has covered
Note
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