BIO 201 Lecture Exam 1 (Ch. 1 & 5)

Includes: Terminology, Body Regions/Quadrants, Integumentary System

Knee (anterior) or kneecap

Patellar

Head

Cephalic

A broken hallux refers specifically to a broken _________.

Big Toe

Arm

Brachial

Chest

Thoracic

Buttock

Gluteal

The anatomical position means that the body is facing forward, with thumbs pointing towards the body.

False (thumbs away)

The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.

False (distal)

Serous membranes help to decrease friction in the body between organs. One example is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity, called the visceral peritoneum.

False

The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach.

False (left)

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.

True

An increased rate of breathing as a result of increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood would NOT be an example of

a positive feedback loop

What is the regional term for the hip region?

coxal

Which term means toward or at the back of the body?

Dorsal (also posterior in humans)

In which body cavities are the lungs located?

pleural, ventral, and thoracic

What is most correct regarding homeostatic imbalances?

It is the cause of most diseases

What is a vertical section through the body, separating it into left and right halves?

midsagittal

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior sections?

frontal (or coronal)

Our intervertebral discs are made of hyaline cartilage.

False (fibrocartilage)

Cartilage has good regenerative capabilities while epithelial tissues do not.

False

Blood, cartilage, adipose, and bone are all considered types of connective tissue.

True

The energy molecule in the cell is called:

ATP

Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that are designed to prevent backflow.  This phenomenon exemplifies:

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

As a response to bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel, platelets will adhere to the site of blood vessel damage. When platelets start binding, they send out signals that bring more platelets to the site to attach. These platelets bind and also cause more platelets to arrive, which allows for the quick formation of a platelet plug. This is an example of what specific type of feedback?

Positive Feedback

Your stomach is mostly located in the

left upper quadrant

refers to a single layer of epithelial cells

simple

Your thumb is  __________________ to your little finger.

lateral

If you go to the chiropractor and you get a cervical adjustment, she manipulated your:

neck

Osmoreceptors are receptors that monitor water balance in our body fluid. When we are dehydrated, osmoreceptors will sense the osmolarity of our fluid and send this information about low water volume to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus responds by signaling the posterior pituitary to release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH travels through the blood and targets our kidneys. The kidneys respond to ADH by putting more water back into the blood to restore water volume. In this homeostatic pathway, the kidneys are the

effectors

A cut on what plane could show you sections of the heart, lungs, spinal cord, esophagus and sternum all at the same time?

transferse plane

The best one-word definition for physiology is

function

The best one word definition for anatomy is

structure

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment?

receptor

The four major biomolecules found in living organisms include

lipids, protein, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

Epithelial cell shapes

cuboidal, squamous, and columnar

An example of positive feedback?

Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm

When taking an axillary pulse you would be feeling what part of the body?

armpit

Producing heat and movement are the major functions of the

muscular system

If the patient has an open wound on the lateral aspect of the leg, where is the wound located?

peroneal (fibular) region

A disc-like ending on a sensory nerve cell that allows for cutaneous sensation.

Merkel Cell

This is an immune cell in the skin that helps to protect from potential pathogens and activate the immune system.

Dendritic cell (Langerhans cell)

The majority of cells in the epidermis are this type of cell.

Keratinocytes

These accumulate in the hypodermis, the layer directly deep to the skin.

Adipose cell

Produce melanin, a dark protective pigment that accumulates in keratinocytes.

Melanocytes

The protein that is most abundant in the outermost layers of the epidermis is collagen.

False

The most dangerous type of cancer in the skin is squamous cell carcinoma.

False

The reason that the epidermis can regenerate so well is that it is highly vascularized.

False

Some homeostatic imbalances can be detected by observing changes in skin coloration.

True

A splinter has penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, into the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of epidermis would be the final layer injured?

stratum basale

Acne is a disorder that is associated with

sebaceous glands

The melanin produced in the melanocytes protects cells from

NOT one of the many functions of the integumentary system…

Helps to cool the body by increasing the production of both sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands when body temperature is elevated

Functions of the integumentary system

\-- Provides a major physical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances

\-- Macrophage-like cells ingest cellular debris and potentially pathogenic invaders and alert the immune system

\-- Major network of dermal capillary beds provide a blood reservoir for the body

Layer of the epidermis that is responsible for cell division and replacement

stratum basale

The composition of the substance released from eccrine glands is

99% water, with some NaCl and small amounts of metabolic wastes

The melanin produced in the melanocytes protects cells from

UV light

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in what order?

 

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

The rule of nines is helpful clinically in:

estimating the extent of a burn

Consider the following attributes: tightly-packed cells, very little material in between the cells, a free surface, avascular -- which of the four tissue types is this describing?

epithelial

Differences in skin pigmentation are due to the number of melanocytes. People with overall darker pigmentation have many more melanocytes compared to those people with less pigmentation in the skin.

False

These glands are connected to hair follicles by a duct and they secrete an oily substance which lubricates the hair and skin.

sebaceous gland

Acne is caused by a blockage and infection related to

sebaceous gland secretions

The epidermis has structure and strength and acts as a physical barrier due largely to the presence of

keratin

What part of the dermis gives rise to friction ridges (fingerprints)?

papillary layer

Thick skin has an epidermal stratum that thin skin does not have. It is called the stratum

lucidum

Vitamin D stimulates the uptake of _______________ in the intestines.

calcium

An immediate serious threat of a severe burn is

dehydration

The hairs on a 6-year-old’s arm is

vellus

Sweat from this type of sweat gland contains protein and lipid substances that bacteria ferment resulting in body odor. 

apocrine gland

Skin color changes can be used effectively in diagnosing disorders. For example, a yellowing of the skin, known as jaundice, can potentially indicate liver disease.

True

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and there are no sensory receptor cells or blood vessels located in the epidermis.

False

The major protein constituent of hair is

keratin

This layer of skin that has greatest structural strength and is your hide.

reticular layer of the dermis (80%)

What layer(s) of the skin is (are) damaged in a second degree burn?

 

The epidermis and the superficial regions of the dermis are damaged.

The eccrine glands are the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

True

Name the two most superficial layers of the skin.

Epidermis & Dermis

Name the 4 cell types of the epidermis

1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Dendritic (Langerhans)
4. Tactile (Merkel) 

Keratinocytes

produces fibrous protein keratin

Melanocytes

produce melanin

Dendritic (Langerhans)

immune cells; immune system activator

Tactile (Merkel)

sensory touch receptors

Name 2 injuries to the skin that would require skin grafts.  How can you tell if an injury would require a skin graft or not?

1. burns
2. skin cancer removal surgery 
3. pressure injuries (bed sores)

You can tell if an injury would require skin grafts if a large amount of skin is missing and damaged. 

How does melanin protect our epidermal cells?

Melanin protects our epidermal cells by absorbing UV rays before it can damage the DNA of the skill cells.

If tanning the skin increases melanin production, and melanin protects the skin from UV radiation, why is sun tanning considered to be hazardous to one’s skin?

Tanning is considered to be hazardous to one’s skin because the UV rays from the sun can mutate the DNA of your epidermal cells, which can lead to problems down the road, such as skin cancer.

Why does chemotherapy make your hair fall out?

Chemotherapy is not only being used to kill cancer cells it kills stem cells, which can result in slowed or stopped hair growth. The hair strength decreases and therefore causes hair to fall out.

What is sebum, and where does it come from?  What is its purpose?

Sebum is oil and it is secreted from the sebaceous gland. Its purpose is “waterproof” skin, soften hair and skin, as well as being anti-bacterial (preventing infection)

Name the two types of sweat glands, and where you would find them.

1. Apocrine – axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas
2. Eccrine – most abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

sweat gland =

sudoriferous gland

oil gland =

sebaceous gland

Name a function of cerumen.  Where does cerumen come from?

Function = to protect the ear from potentially harmful objects and bacteria

Cerumen is secreted from ceruminous glands in the external ear canal

Name 6 functions of the skin. 

\

1. protection
2. body temp. regulation
3. metabolic functions
4. cutaneous sensation
5. blood reservoir
6. excretion and absorption

Name at least 4 compounds that can be absorbed through the skin.

* Mercury
* Steroids
* Isocyanates
* Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 
* Nicotine

Describe 2 mechanisms by which the skin can cool us off. Explain the physiological pathways in detail.

1. Vasodilation of arterioles = dilation/widening of dermal blood vessels (dilation lets off heat by causing more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin surface, where it then can be let off. 
2. Sensible perspiration = increased sweat gland activity → evaporation helps lower/cool your internal body temp.

Describe how the skin can help us to increase our core temperature when we are cold.

The skin can help us increase our core temperature when we are cold, by the dermal blood vessels constricting (vasoconstriction), because this action conserves heat. As well as, the action of “goosebumps,” which occur due to the arrector pili muscle contracting, which generates heat. 

How does the skin protect us from bacterial invasion?

The skin is a closed barrier that is lipid soluble, it also secretes oil and sweat that contain antibodies to prevent infectious agents.

Describe 1st-3rd degree burns in terms of which layers of the skin are involved.

\
1st = epidermis only

2nd = epidermis and upper dermis

3rd = entire thickness of skin

Name two major complications a severely burned patient may encounter.

1. Nerve damage 
2. Infection

Name 3 risk factors for skin cancer.

1. Overexposure to UV radiation 
2. Frequent irritation of skin
3. Albinism (inability to make melanin)

What are the signs to look for to determine potential skin cancer (use the ABCDE rules). Which is the most curable skin cancer?  Which is the most worrisome skin cancer?

\
* ABCDE rules = asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter (>6mm), evolving (change in size and/or color)
* The most curable skin cancer is Basal Cell Carcinoma, because it is the least malignant, meaning it stays more localized in one place, therefore being easier to treat/remove. 
* The most worrisome skin cancer is Melanoma, because it is highly metastatic (spreads) and is resistant to chemotherapy.

What causes wrinkling of skin as we age? Explain your answer.

Wrinkling skin as we age is due to the decrease of elasticity of the skin as well as the diminishing of your subcutaneous fat layer, causing loose and saggy skin. Epidermal replacement slows as well as sebaceous gland activity causing thin and dry skin.