child growth and development

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prenatal

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conception to birth

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infancy and toddlerhood

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birth to 2 years

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48 Terms

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prenatal

conception to birth

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infancy and toddlerhood

birth to 2 years

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early childhood

2-6 years

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middle childhood

6-11 years

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adolescence

11-18

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nature

hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception

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nurture

Physical and social world that influences biological and psychological development

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stability

lifelong persistence of individual characteristics established by heredity or early experiences

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Plasticity

openness to change in individual characteristics in response to influential experiences

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Evolutionary Theory

Darwin: Principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest

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normative approach

Hall & Gesell: Development as a maturational process; age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development

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Mental Testing Movement

Binet and Simon: Early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development

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Genotype

an individuals unique genetic information

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Phenotype

an individuals directly observable characteristics

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Chromosomes

structures that store and transmit genetic information

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DNA

substance of which genes and chromosomes are made

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Gene

a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes

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Autosomes

22 matching pairs of chromosomes

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sex chromosomes

23rd pair chromosomes (XX=female , XY=male)

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Gametes

sex cells (sperm and ovum)

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Zygote

formed when sperm and ovum unite

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fraternal twins

two zygotes or fertilized ova

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identical twins

one duplicating zygote that divides into two clusters of cells

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Homozygous

both alleles are alike

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Heterozygous

alleles are different

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Down Syndrome

results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis

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Sex chromosome abnormalities

-Caused by problems with X or Y chromosomes
-Often not recognized until adolescence

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Risks

complications, most commonly premature labor or miscarriage

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direct influences

interactions (both positive and negative) between family members

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indirect influence

effect of third parties on interaction between family members

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Adapting to change

dynamic, ever-changing interplay of forces within the family as each member adapts to development of other members

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Collectivism

people stress group goals over individual goals

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Individualism

people are concerned with personal needs

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kinship studies

comparisons of twins, or adoptees with their biological versus adoptive parents

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niche-picking

active correlation

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Methylation

environmentally triggered biochemical process that reduces or silences gene expression

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Epigenetics

study of how environment alters gene expression

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Domains of Development

physical, cognitive, emotional and social

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developmental cognitive neuroscience

-Relationship between brain activity and cognitive processing and behavior patterns
-Incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine

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developmental social neuroscience

relationship of changes in the brain to emotional and social development

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naturalistic observation

behavior is recorded in the field or natural environment

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structured observation

Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior
All participants have equal chance to display behavior
May not be typical of participants' everyday behaviors

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correlation coefficient

describes how two variable are associated with each other

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classical conditioning

associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response

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operant conditioning

influencing the frequency of a behavior by following it with reinforces or punishment

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Freud and Erikson

Emphasis on individual's unique life history
Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

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Layers of the environment

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

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Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms