prenatal
conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood
birth to 2 years
1/47
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
prenatal
conception to birth
infancy and toddlerhood
birth to 2 years
early childhood
2-6 years
middle childhood
6-11 years
adolescence
11-18
nature
hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception
nurture
Physical and social world that influences biological and psychological development
stability
lifelong persistence of individual characteristics established by heredity or early experiences
Plasticity
openness to change in individual characteristics in response to influential experiences
Evolutionary Theory
Darwin: Principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest
normative approach
Hall & Gesell: Development as a maturational process; age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development
Mental Testing Movement
Binet and Simon: Early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development
Genotype
an individuals unique genetic information
Phenotype
an individuals directly observable characteristics
Chromosomes
structures that store and transmit genetic information
DNA
substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
Gene
a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes
Autosomes
22 matching pairs of chromosomes
sex chromosomes
23rd pair chromosomes (XX=female , XY=male)
Gametes
sex cells (sperm and ovum)
Zygote
formed when sperm and ovum unite
fraternal twins
two zygotes or fertilized ova
identical twins
one duplicating zygote that divides into two clusters of cells
Homozygous
both alleles are alike
Heterozygous
alleles are different
Down Syndrome
results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
Sex chromosome abnormalities
-Caused by problems with X or Y chromosomes
-Often not recognized until adolescence
Risks
complications, most commonly premature labor or miscarriage
direct influences
interactions (both positive and negative) between family members
indirect influence
effect of third parties on interaction between family members
Adapting to change
dynamic, ever-changing interplay of forces within the family as each member adapts to development of other members
Collectivism
people stress group goals over individual goals
Individualism
people are concerned with personal needs
kinship studies
comparisons of twins, or adoptees with their biological versus adoptive parents
niche-picking
active correlation
Methylation
environmentally triggered biochemical process that reduces or silences gene expression
Epigenetics
study of how environment alters gene expression
Domains of Development
physical, cognitive, emotional and social
developmental cognitive neuroscience
-Relationship between brain activity and cognitive processing and behavior patterns
-Incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
developmental social neuroscience
relationship of changes in the brain to emotional and social development
naturalistic observation
behavior is recorded in the field or natural environment
structured observation
Laboratory situation set up to evoke behavior
All participants have equal chance to display behavior
May not be typical of participants' everyday behaviors
correlation coefficient
describes how two variable are associated with each other
classical conditioning
associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response
operant conditioning
influencing the frequency of a behavior by following it with reinforces or punishment
Freud and Erikson
Emphasis on individual's unique life history
Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Layers of the environment
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms