Honors World History Final Semester 1

How did the job of the pope transform over the Middle Ages

More secular power, not just spiritual

What are four problems of Medieval Church leaders

Simony, Nepotism, Immorality, worldliness

What group began making reformes and preserved learning at first?

Monasteries

Name 2 examples of other church reformes

Rule of St. Benedict - pray/work/pray/eat/work/pray

Music- gregorian chant

Who, why, and when called the first crusade?

Urban II wanted to reconquer Jerusalem in 1096

Why did many Europeans join the crusades and what problems did they have?

God and salvation

Adventure and Glory

Land and wealth

unorganized, no plan, leader, or supplies

What did the truce in the third crusade tell us about the outcome?

That the Christians (Richard) lost and Muslims (Saladin) won

(Christians could visit, therefore we can tell they didn’t win)

How was the fourth crusade ‘unusual’ and when

In 1204 the Christians started destroying Constantinople and killing Jews and Muslims

List successes and failures of the Crusades (2)(3)

Successes- rebirth of international trade, rediscovery of ancient world

Failures- Byzantium weakened, decline of feudalism, bad church reputation

How did European governments begin to change in this period

now large warring kingdoms, then nations started building

What are some medieval inventions. practices that improved agriculture in Europe

Horseshoe/collar

iron

windmill

3 field system

How did these agricultural changes impact European society

More food> more people

List practices that helped revive trade in Europe (4)

Merchant/craft guilds

Coined money > banking

Usury forbidden

Marco polo trade routes

What are some early European urbanizations characteristics ( where/how )

Constantinople was an early city

Trade fairs

What social group grew or shank in this period?

The middle class grew

( decline of feudalism, city merchants become middle class)

Who led the last, successful invasion of England and why?

William the conqueror wanted to be the next king of England

(Normans win because Harold dies)

What 4 actions/steps helped William to control England

• built castles

• invited French friends and gives them land

• doomsday written

• info on all conquered places

(built, friends, written, info)

Who and how did this person increase royal power

Eleanor of Aquitaine had the most territory in ENgland after a divorce

Why did King John sign the Magna Carta?

The nobles forced him because he was bad at ruling and spent to much money

(he was the 3rd son with no training)

How big was the mongol empire and why was it short lived?

• largest empire

• it was fragmented, internal conflict, decentralized, conquest by other people

What are 3 tactics/technologies enabled the mongols success?

Horses, archery, siege warfare, terror

Why and when was the Pope moved to Avignon ?

Because the king wanted to influence the pope

in 1308

What did the council of Constance have to do after the council of Pisa failed ?

Had to fire all 3 popes and hired a new one

How did the black death get to Europe from Asia?

shipping and trade routes

what 2 ways could the plague be spread and why did it stop so quickly

• pnuemonic and fleas on rats

• the brown rats died out

Which country started the 100 years war and why

England because the English king wanted to reclaim the throne and France

What 2 military technologies changed warfare during the 100 years war?

Longbow and gunpowder

Who led French troops near the end of the 100 years war + what happened to her

Joan of Arc , killed for heresy by the English

What animal mostly helped spur Trans-Saharan trade and what goods were best

• camels

• gold, iron, and salt

define lay investiture

kings giving regular people religious power

secular

political power

Rule of St. Benedict

pray/eat/pray/work/eat/pray

define scholastics

faith through reason and logic

Define crusader States

feudal states made by western European crusaders

define guilds

worker

define usury

illegally lending money

define burghers

city members who became middle class

define universities

scholars meeting wherever they could

define vernacular

language of their homeland

define Timbuktu

Trade and cultural center in west africa

Define Swahili

east African language

relate simony and Nepotism

They both involve getting into the church without being fully qualified

Simoney- buying way into church

Nepotism - getting hired through family connections

Contrast Romanesque and gothic churches

Romanesque - rounded arches, small, dark

Gothic- Fancy, stained windows, rose art

List positive and negative results of the Crusades

Positive-

• Increased trade between Europe and MIddle east

• boosting european economies

• rise of port cities

• monarchs raised taxes for crusaders

Negatives-

• byzantium weakened

• decline in feudalism

• bad church rep

• bad relationship between Muslims and Christians

• widespread violence

contrast Marco polo and Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo

• works for mongols

• looking for trade opportunities

Ibn Battuta

• religious reasons ( wanted to meet fellow Muslims)

• 4 big deal voyages

Both silk road areas

list ways the normal invasion impacted England (2)

• changes to laws, languages, and customs

• introduction to feudalism

contrast actions of Henry 1 and Henry 2 to increase royal power in England

1. henry 1 -

   • instead of collecting taxes he sent out civil servants so no one was biased 

2. henry 2 -

   • more political laws- court systems

Contrast the impact of Magna Carta and the Model Parliament on royal power

Magna Carta - limited the kings power and granted rights

Model Parliment - Legislative assembly made of a House of lords and house of Commons

Explain the econ + culture impact of the pax Mongolia

• stabilized the trade routes

• cultural diffusion of goods and ideas

explain the impact of mongols rule on china

no civil service test, they made outsiders rule

how was the church impacted by the Avignon papacy and the plague

bad reputation and skepticism because praying and papacy wasnt working

how was the European economy and society impacted by the plague

decline in population, manorial system, and trade

How did Mansa Musa’s Hajj impact Mali and Egypt

go gave so much gold caused really bad inflation

Contrast the west Africian empire with the Great Zimbabwe

West - universities, Arabic, relied heavily on saharan trade routes

Great Zimbabwe - Swahili, timbuktu

Lap 1 - where did the first civilizations develop? Why there?

River valleys

• protection

• food and water

• trade

• irrigation

describe the fertile crescent

• rich in soil and land

• Mediterranean to Persian gulf

what was the purpose of Hammurabis law code?

so the strong doesn’t oppress the weak

tool to unify the empire

what are the 4 religious contributions from the Hebrews today?

• temple

• Torah

• 10 commandments

• yahweh

known as sea-faring traders, what was the greatest contribution of the Phoenicians

the alphabet bc it simplified writing

LAP 2 - what was the function of pyramids and the importance of the Rosetta stone?

preserved bodies and belongings for the after life

deciphered ancient egyptian hieroglyphics

why is Ramses 2 called Great?

he signed the treaty of Kadesh

What drastically changed the ancient world around 1200 BC?

the sea people

List ancient Indus STEM advances ( 3 )

• algebra

• sewers - running water

• planned cities/streets

what is the end goal for both Hindu and Buddhists followers?

to reach Nirvana

LAP 3 - Contrast Athenian and Spartan government and education

A- sent boys for education

S- didn’t care about education, more about military

What were typical characteristics of slaves in the ancient world?

helots- person of war or debt

most of population

Who was the father of history and why?

Herodotus - first to conduct research

What is the Parthenon ?

temple for Athena

What is Hellenism?

spread of Greek culture

What is Confucius’s ideal leader in the Antalects

A junzi - wise ruler like Plato ( gentlemen, superior man, noble person )

Contrast Athenian Democracy and Roman Republic

Athenian democracy - the people vote for ruler

Roman republic - the people vote for people to actually vote

How are roman women legally/politically and socially different from greeks

R- were not politically equal

G - could not own property and were considered full citizens

Know several ROman engineering advancements and 3 main art styles

Engineering- arches, domes, concrete, sewers, bath

Art- frescoes, mosaics, bas relief sculptures

What were Roman contributions to law?

innocent until proven guilty

right to a judge and attorney

What was the political irony (2) of Caesar’s being named dictator?

• only supposed to be short periods of time '

• leads to his assassination - killed because of too much power

Why was Jesus a problem to the Hebrews and the Romans?

H- they believed he was going around telling lies

R- they saw Jesus as a trouble maker

Know many Gupta STEM and economic contributions (4) math, science, econ

• math- decimal system, zeros, numerals

• science- studied eclipse

• econ- 7 planets, gravity

relate confucius and civil service exams

civil service exams were based on confucian ideals - test helped create a common culture

LAP 5 - What are 3 reasons Justinian was Byzantium’s greatest ruler?

Revised 12 tables, built churches, reconquered territory

What are the five pillars of Islam?

• pray 5 times a day

• go to mecca

• give alms

• fast during Ramadan

• believe only in Allah

Name several Muslim STEM contributions (4)

• astrolabe

• Spanish steel

• hospitals

• medical books

What is the greatest contribution of Islam and byzantium to us today?

preserved ancient learning

Why were the dark ages dark?

• lack of governments

• no roads

• coined money

• decline of cities

define feudalism and explain related problems (2)

fuedalism- land in exchange for military

• give loyalty to more than 1 Lord

How did Charlemagne help Christianize the Franks (4)

• started parishes

• sent out missionaries

• Tithes- church taxes

• monasteries

what Chinese products were most popular along the silk road

• porcelain

• silk

• rice

• tea