Ap Euro chapter 2

ap European history ap exam prep

banking

The financial system that involves the management of money, including accepting deposits, making loans, and providing investment services.

Baroque

a style that involves movement, drama, emotional intensity and dynamics. this style also involves complexity and intricacy.

Black Death ( the Plague)

A devastating epidemic that struck Europe in the 14th century, resulting in the death of an estimated one-third of the population. It had profound effects on society, economy, and culture.

Boccaccio

an Italian writer and poet known for his work "The Decameron," which provides a vivid account of the impact of the Black Death on society.

Botticelli

An Italian painter of the Early Renaissance, known for his mythological works and contributions to the development of painting techniques, particularly in the use of line and color.

breakdown of feudalism

The gradual decline of the feudal system in Europe, particularly after the Black Death, leading to increased social mobility, the rise of towns, and the growth of a merchant class.

Brunelleschi

An Italian architect and engineer, notable for developing linear perspective in art and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture.

Castiglione

An Italian diplomat and author, best known for his work "The Book of the Courtier," which outlines the ideals of Renaissance gentlemanly conduct and the virtue of courtly behavior.

Christian humanism

A movement during the Renaissance that aimed to reform the Church and society by emphasizing classical learning and the importance of human values, blending Christianity with humanist ideals.

city-states

Independent regions in Italy during the Renaissance, characterized by their own governments and cultures, often competing for power and influence.

civic humanism

A philosophical movement that emerged during the Renaissance, emphasizing active participation in public life and promoting the importance of civic virtue and responsibility within a republic.

classical learning

The study of the literature, philosophy, and art of ancient Greece and Rome, which significantly influenced Renaissance thought and education.

crusaders

Members of various Christian military expeditions during the Middle Ages aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Dante

An Italian poet and philosopher known for his work "The Divine Comedy," which explores themes of morality, faith, and the human experience.

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance genius known for his contributions to art, science, and engineering. His most famous works include the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper," and he is celebrated for his keen observations of the natural world.

Donatello

A renowned Italian sculptor of the Renaissance, famous for his breakthroughs in the use of perspective and emotion in sculpture, with notable works like "David" and "Saint George."

Dürer

German Renaissance artist and theorist. developed the idea of embodying what you see and essentially bringing your art to life. his most famous works being Young Hare and Self-Portrait at the Age of Twenty Eight.

electors

were influential nobles and princes in the Holy Roman Empire responsible for electing the Emperor, playing a crucial role in political affairs.

Erasmus

Dutch theologist and humanist, this man was most known for his work on Praise of Folly and Discussion on Free Will.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Catholic Monarchs who ruled Spain at the time.

feudalism

A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe, where land ownership was tied to service and loyalty between lords and vassals. (holder of land)

Fugger family

A very significant family that was known for their support in the Habsburg Empire and their strong economic influence during the Renaissance.

the Great schism

The Great Schism refers to the split within the Catholic Church in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, leading to the existence of multiple popes and significant religious and political conflict in Europe.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press

Habsburg dynasty of Austria

Rulers of Austria as Duke’s, Archduke and emperors. The Hapsburg Dynasty also controlled Hungary and bohemia.

Holy Roman Empire

A loose confederation of territories in central Europe, primarily German speaking that existed from the ninth or 10th century to 1806

humanism

An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters

Julius II

A politically ambitious leader that actively engaged in warfare to expand the papal states. He also paid patronage to the arts of the renaissance

Machiavelli

diplomat and author that significantly impacted the Renaissance by promoting a logical and secular approach to politics, challenging, traditional, moral and religious views of leadership, especially seen in his work on “the prince“.

Mannerism

An artistic style characterized by embracing distorted, perspectives, intellectual, sophistication, and a self-conscious, stylized approach to art.

Medici family

A powerful Italian banking and political dynasty that made their way up to power eventually ruling over Florence.

medieval life

A period in European history that was characterized by a strong emphasis on religion, a rigid, social structure, and a largely agrarian lifestyle.

Merchant class

Individuals that engaged in buying and selling goods. These people facilitated trade and eventually gained significant economic and political influence among Europe.

Michaelangelo

Italiansculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the high Renaissance. His works influenced people through artistic realism, anatomical accuracy, pushing the boundaries of painting and using innovative techniques contributing to the development of later movements like mannerism.

Sir Thomas More

An English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. In some of his most famous works, he criticized English society and explored the concept of an ideal state.

Northern Renaissance

A cultural and artistic movement, it emphasized detailed realism, naturalism, and a strong focus on religious themes while incorporating everyday life into art

Petrarch

known as the father of Humanism and for laying the foundations of the Renaissance.

Pico della Mirandola

A man particularly named for his influential oration on the dignity of men often hailed as the quote manifesto of the Renaissance” he champion the concept of human dignity, and the importance of free will which were central to the Renaissance emphasis on human potential and individual agency.

Raphael

Artist of the high Renaissance known for his perfect balance, harmonious, compositions, and idealized beauty. He helped define The era and his contributions to architecture and artistic techniques that had a lasting impact on Europe

Rembrandt

An artist that was deeply influenced by the Renaissance and its artistic traditions so much so that he drew inspiration from both northern and Italian Renaissance masters incorporating Renaissance techniques motives into his own works

Renaissance

the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models.

Rubens

A baroque artist that took heavy inspiration to Michelangelo, Rafael, and Leonardo da Vinci so much so that his work blends the dynamism and grand tour of the Italian Renaissance with vibrant expressive style of the baroque

Savonarola

A Dominican priest and political reformer that passionately preached against sin.

Secularism

The separation of government and religion.

Shakespeare

A renowned English playwright and poet, his writings explore themes of love, ambition, and the human condition, significantly influencing English literature.

Tudor dynasty of England

the family of English and Welsh Monarchs that ruled the land of England until 1603.

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

virtú

An enhanced version of virtue in the sense that you achieve greatness through many circumstances.