Age of Revolutions to World War I

AP EURO REVIEW- PEOPLE

Thomas Malthus, *Essay on Population*

 claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.

David Ricardo, “Iron Law of Wages”

because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving. 

John Stuart Mill, *On Liberty*

problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral participation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage.

Jeremy Bentham

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Karl Marx

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded.

Friedrich Engels

\
a 19th-century German political philosopher, developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). He also edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death.

Charles X

Charles X was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile.

Carbonari

the most famous of the secret republican societies seeking to unify Italy in the 1820s.

Louis Napoleon (Emperor Napoleon III)

nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat. Second French Empire

Count Cavour

\
The prime minister of Italy appointed by Victor Emmanuel who pushed for Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

 An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.

Victor Emmanuel

 First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria.

Otto van Bismarck

\
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party and who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)

William Gladstone

 He was a British Liberal politician, and served as Prime Minister four separate times.

Tsar Alexander II

Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. Ausgleich, 1867. Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916; during his long reign he took small steps to address the democratic and nationalist aspirations of his people.

Queen Victoria

\
The British feeling of National Pride was reflected in Queen Victoria, whose reign from 1837 to 1901 was the longest in English history; her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age, known as the Victorian Age. Victorian Age.

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

Ottoman sultan (r.1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.

Alfred Nobel

Swedish arms manufacturer who patented dynamite and developed a kind of gunpowder that improved the accuracy of guns and produced a less clouded battlefield environment by reducing firearm smoke.

Marie Curie

discovered that radium gave off rays of radiation that came from within the atom. -atoms contained subatomic particles that behaved inexplicably.

Ernst Rutherford

1920s: pioneered "heroic age of physics" \n Atom can be split, identified neutron and other subatomic particles \n Led to atomic bomb

Max Planck

 was a Berlin physicist who rejected the belief that heated body radiates energy in a steady stream, but instead believed that energy is radiated discontinuously in irregular packets called "quanta." Theory that raised questions about the subatomic realm of the atom.

Albert Einstein

 German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Friedrich Nietzsche

a German philosopher who challenged rationality and championed passion and emotions. He valued the irrational over the rational, and ancient heroic qualities. Wrote that all morals are relative, and everyone has different ideas of what is right and wrong.

Sigmund Freud

austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Louis Pasteur

French chemist who began studying fermentation in 1854 at the request of brewers-found that fermentation depended on growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heat.

Charles Darwin, *The Origin of Species, Descent of Man*

wrote on the Origins of Species and the Descent of Man, while theory of evolution was generally accepted among scientists his mechanics of natural selection was not widely accepted until genetic research

Charles Dickens

\
Realism. Victorian novelists His realistic novels focused on the lower and middle classes in Britain's early industrial age. His descriptions of the urban poor and brutalization of human life were vividly realistic and did much to weaken the belief in laissez faire among liberals. \n Emile Durkheim \n Father of Sociology. He applied scientific methods to the study of society.

William Wordsworth

Poet who emphasized the importance of love of nature with the idea that nature contains mysterious force that a poet can perceive and learn from. His worship of nature contrasted with deism and he believed science offered no outlet for imagination. Casper David Friedrich.

Claude Monet

a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting.

Wolfgang von Goethe

a poet in early-Romanticism. He wrote many renowned works such as "Götz von Berlichingen", and "The Sorrows of Young Werther". Goethe was also accomplished in the world of science. He wrote treatises on Botany and Anatomy as wrote several works on Morphology and color theory.

Ludwig von Beethoven

 He was bridge between Classicism and Romanticism. His music reflected deep feelings. His influences included Haydn and Mozart and his Third Symphony, the "Eroica", uses uncontrolled rhythms to create emotion - fear, terror, horror, pain. Sadly, he became deaf over time.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium, reigned 1856 - 1909. • 1876 organized the International African Association which established trading stations on the regions rivers and coerced much valuable ivory. • Convinced The Berlin Conference to allow him to take control of the Congo for the profit of Belgium.