Studied by 0 people
IB psychology Sl1 unit 1 vocab
Correlational Research
Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together.
Clever Hans Effect
the teacher/therapist/researcher unconsciously guides the subject's response.
Nomothetic Approach
seeks broad, general principles of personality
Ideographic Approach
identifying specific characteristics and life experiences of specific individuals
Qualitative Research
informal research methods, including observation, following social media sites, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Falsifiability
a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Artifacts
these are results from an experiment as a result of unseen factors due to the experiment not being well controlled.
Construct
a concept that cannot be directly observed or measured
Operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
Independent Variable (IV)
the factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment (the cause)
Dependent Variable (DV)
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Descriptive Study
a study in which the researcher attempts to describe a group by obtaining data from a variety of variables from its members
Sample
a subset of the population used in a research study
Sampling
process by which participants are selected for a research study
Generalizability
The extent to which quantitative research results apply to a broader range of individuals not included in the study.
Transferability
A qualitative term for when findings from a study can be applied to settings and/or populations outside the study only if the findings of a particular study are corroborated by finding of similar studies (for example in multiple case studies).
Confounding Variables
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Random Sampling
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Snowball Sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants
Opportunity (Convenience) sampling
A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
Volunteer (Self-Selected) Sampling
Nonrandom sampling method where participants join on their own into the sample
Independent Measures Design
An experimental design in which a different group of participants is used for each level of the IV (condition)
Repeated Measures Design
The same participants are used in all the conditions in an experiment.
Matched Pairs Design
A method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to conditions in an experiment.
Field Experiment
An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV.
Natural Experiment
An experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.
Quasi-Experiment
a type of research design where a comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs
Triangulation
the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method
Sampling Bias
exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
Participant Bias
a tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed, or they believe they know what the researcher wants
Selection Bias
in an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups
Researcher Bias (Observer Bias)
When you experimenter sees what he or she is looking for and expects certain outcomes for the experiment.
External Validity
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
Ecological Validity
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.
Construct Validity
the extent to which variables measure the concept they are supposed to measure
controlled experiment
a test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same
alternative hypothesis (H1)
a statement that the treatment has an effect on the dependent variable.
Null Hypothesis (H0)
a statement that the experimental manipulation had no important effect
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. It must be testable and falsifiable based on the results of an experiment or observation.
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
naturalistic observation
a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
unstructured interview
An interviewing method that uses no predetermined interview protocol or survey and where the interview questions emerge and evolve as the interview proceeds in a qualitative study.
Semi-structured interview
There is a list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers are also free to ask follow up questions when they feel it is appropriate in a qualitative study. Often there is no set order or phrasing.
focus group interview
A research technique in which a small group of persons (usually 8 to 12) comes together for an intensive discussion about a particular topic, with the conversation guided by a trained moderator using an unstructured method of inquiry in a qualitative study.
Surveys
collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire in a quantitative study or interviews in a qualitative study.
research design
An overall structure for a study the might include one or more research methods.
Research Methods
the techniques used to sample, collect, and analyze data; considered as one possible component of the research design.
Inductive content analysis
An analysis of qualitative data in which theory and hypotheses are derived from the data without prior hypothesis from field notes or transcripts:
1. Read and reread the data to identify raw data themes, do this until saturation is achieved (no more themes can be found)
2. Group the raw data themes into higher order themes that capture the main essences of the data.
3. Write an interpretation of the data, based on the identified highest order themes.
credibility
The degree to which the research gives a true picture of what is beings investigated and the results represent the perceptions and opinions of the research participants.
Descriptive Statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.
quota sampling
A nonprobability sampling technique in qualitative research in which researchers divide the population into groups and then choose a pre-determined number participants from each group in a non-random manner.
purposive sampling
a nonprobability sampling method in qualitative research in which individuals are selected , usually because of their characteristics, but proportion and sample size are not defined.
stratified sampling
A type of probability sampling in quantitative research in which the population is divided into groups with a common attribute and a random sample is chosen within each group
social desirability bias
the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable
dominant responder bias
when one participant in a group interview influences the responses and behaviors of the others.
acquiescence bias
a tendency for respondents to agree with all or most questions asked of them in a survey
Sensitivity bias
The tendency of the participant to answer regular questions honestly, but distort their responses to questions on sensitive subjects.
Confirmation Bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Leading Question Bias
when questions are worded in a way that suggests a particular response
Thick Description
the presentation of detailed data on interactions and meaning within a cultural context, from the perspective of its members
Iterative Questioning
Returning to the topic later in the process of interaction with the participant and rephrasing the question. This allows a deeper investigation of sensitive topics.
Question Order Bias
occurs when responses to one question influence the participant's responses to the following questions, this bias stems from the human tendency to be consistent in our beliefs and actions
Biased Reporting
Reporting in which one side is favored over another or one subject is unfairly represented
Note 
Flashcard (20)