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Fin-de-siècle Malaise
Translates to the end of the century and malaise, reflecting a sense of fear and worry prevalent at the turn of the century.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest and strongest individuals or races survive, often used to justify discrimination against certain groups.
Futurists
A group of writers and artists, originating from Milan, Italy, led by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who rejected the past and advocated for a future-oriented approach.
Nationalism
An intense pride in one's country often associated with a sense of superiority over others.
Triple Entente
An alliance consisting of France, Britain, and Russia during World War I, later joined by Italy and the United States.
Central Powers
Alliance comprising Austria, Germany, and later the Ottomans during World War I.
Trench Warfare
A type of combat during World War I characterized by fighting from trenches, with minimal movement and high casualties.
Shell Shock
A term used during World War I (modernly known as PTSD) to describe the psychological trauma experienced by soldiers after combat.
League of German Girls (BDM)
An organization in Nazi Germany that aimed to educate young German girls on traditional gender roles and prepare them for motherhood and domestic duties.
Kinsey Reports
Studies conducted by Alfred Kinsey that explored sexual behavior in the United States, challenging traditional norms and beliefs about sexuality and marriage.
Black Hand
nationalist, terrorist org. That emerges to disable the fight with Austria. Young radicals
Triple Entente:
Consists of France, Britain, and Russia, later joined by Italy in 1915, then By the United States later on
Central Powers:
Austria, Germany, and later in the war Ottomans
The Spirit of 1914
National Unity consists of women men, and older people in society. That their nation will win.
The media told women to be proud of the men contributing to the war
Young men are excited to go to war and see it as an opportunity to prove masculinity and become a hero
Great War
WW1
People thought it would only take a few months, but instead goes for 4 more years
Two Masculine Identity:
Heroic identity: associated with the battlefront and men were expected to fight in the war, giving a white feather to a male means coward.
Be good sons, husbands, and fathers because of protecting their families, connected to the home
Shell Shock: (modern term is PTSD)
When men came back from war, they are damaged
A disorder diagnosed when soldiers come back from war
Dorothy Lawrence
Female writer
Disguised herself as a man and called herself Dennis Smith
Stayed 10 whole days and joined the tunneling unit
She got sent back home and wrote a memoir
Treated as a spy returning home and dismissed the case
Maria Bochkareva
Formed a military unit known as the “Russian Women’s Battalion of Death”
Had over 300 women members and was made possible due to the Russian Revolution
Permitted to do this with the government they can fight
Women inspired by nationalism
Hitler Youth
Organization for young German boys and participated in shooting drills, politics, military and physical fitness
100,000 members 1933
Then 1 million 1936
Degenerative Art
deemed undesirable by the Nazi party
Kathe Kollwitiz
makes a painting of the effects of WW1 on women
Womens Responsibilities
Kinder - childern
Kuche - kitchen
Kirche - church
Cross of Honor of the German Mother
an award given to German mothers for raising or giving birth to healthy strong children. Three awards Bronze (4-5 children), Sliver (6-7 children), and Gold (8 or more children). Done on Mother's Day
Tracht
( traditional folk costume) - worn by women with and natural organic look to it.
Makeup is seen as anti-German, as well as French clothing
Have to be physically fit and be outdoors
Clothing is a look at the past and supports German history
The League of German Girls (BDM)
the role of being a good mother and wife, being passive and obedient towards men, and being taught what their mothers would do ( cooking and taking care of children).
Weimar Republic
a lively gay community within the group, almost homosexual behavior is almost decriminalized but the Nazis came
Josef Kohout
wrote a memoir called “The Men with the Pink Triangle”
Bolsheviks
a political group operating in Russia that supports the Soviets
Soviets
part of the Bolsheviks, are part workers committees that ran factories instead of Bousigze management
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
controlled by the United States, Britain, and France
Berlin Wall
The anti-fascist protective barrier
German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
controlled by the USSR
Kitchen Debate 1959
Nixion visited Moscow an American exhibit to show Russians how American families live
Containment Culture and Gender - The United States wants to contain communism so it doesn't come into the United States
Nuclear Family
describes an American family. White mother, father, and two children. The core of the United States. The idea is to encourage fallout shelters