Gender and World War 1
Fin-de-siecle Malaise - translates the end of the century and malaise as a fear of worry
Many people were concerned about the rise of socialism
Racism - people become more anxious about others and the United States had the fear of Zioniphobia which is the fear of immigration
Social Darwinism - organisms that are the fittest and strongest survive. (strongest and fittest race or who is undesirable like poor people)
Futurists- a group of writers and artists, came out of Milan, Italy.
Revolt and Car oil painting - change for the future, set in cities more progressive
1914: The Eve of WW1
Balkans - general part of Europe's southern/eastern countries
1912, 1913: small conflict war that involves Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Italy, etc.
Nationalism - intense pride of one's country, like superiority
Smaller countries are connected with bigger countries
Black Hand- nationalist, terrorist org. That emerges to disable the fight with Austria. Young radicals
Gavrilo Princip part of the Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (of Austria and heir to the throne)
1914 - conspiracy to assassinate Franz Ferdinand and it is an unorganized plan.
WW1 reasons
Two major alliances:
Triple Entente: Consists of France, Britain, and Russia, later joined by Italy in 1915, then By the United States later on
Central Powers: Austria, Germany, and later in the war Ottomans
The Spirit of 1914: National Unity consists of women men, and older people in society. That their nation will win.
Disrupt the idea of gender from before WW1, including WW2 and the Cold War - almost like a total war
Great War = WW1
Two Masculine Identity:
Heroic identity: associated with the battlefront and men were expected to fight in the war, giving a white feather to a male means coward.
Be good sons, husbands, and fathers because of protecting their families, connected to the home
Trench Warfare is typically fought, with more technology like tanks and steel, as new weapons
The leading cause of death is from disease and injury
Otto Dix - painter
Shell Shock: (modern term is PTSD) When men came back from war, they are damaged
Women have to start to work in men's place in society at home
Make textiles for uniforms and backpacks for men on the battlefield in munition factories
Women pick up jaundice disease and are called canary girls because their skin is yellow from chemicals and explosives made
Women would wear khakis and be in units
Nurses
Dorothy Lawrence
Some women wanted to fight physical combat
Flora Sandes
Maria Bochkareva
Gender and Nazi Germany
The Spirt of 1914 in Germany
Adolf Hitler was a war vetren and was born in Austira
He was very interested in the male hero and sense of masculinity, disappointed when Germany loses
Nazi Germany had traditional ideas of masculinity
Hitler Youth
Expect to be tall, lean, chiseled, and blonde. Be healthy and strong to represent Germany.
Degenerative Art - deemed undesirable by the Nazi party
Otto Dix and Kathe Kollwitz were considered degenerative artists
Kathe Kollwitiz - makes a painting of the effects of WW1 on women
Womens Responsibilities
Cross of Honor of the German Mother - an award given to German mothers for raising or giving birth to healthy strong children. Three awards Bronze (4-5 children), Sliver (6-7 children), and Gold (8 or more children). Done on Mother's Day
Tracht ( traditional folk costume) - worn by women with and natural organic look to it.
The League of German Girls (BDM) - the role of being a good mother and wife, being passive and obedient towards men, and being taught what their mothers would do ( cooking and taking care of children).
Auxiliaries women also worked in Auschwitz by working as a secretary
Pink prisoner triangle badges were determined by whether a prisoner was homosexual
(The yellow triangle under is considered Jewish)
Weimar Republic - a lively gay community within the group, almost homosexual behavior is almost decriminalized but the Nazis came
Josef Kohout wrote a memoir called “The Men with the Pink Triangle”
Gender and The Cold War
Soviet Union = Communist reign
United States = Capitalists
Bolsheviks - a political group operating in Russia that supports the Soviets
Soviets- part of the Bolsheviks, are part workers committees that ran factories instead of Bousigze management
October Rev. - when Soviets take control of the factories and under Vladimir Lenin
Properganda poster has
Movements for women happened to give women roles in society
New family legal code in 1918
Alexandra Kollontai - role in the Revolutionary Party under Lenin
Problems occurred - child support to illegitimate children, divorce was not used properly, and feminist ideas were not supported by everyone.
Joseph Stolin comes into the picture and changes this
Divorce is not easy again and abortion is taken away under Stolin
365 million die and 19 million are civilisons
Poland 1 in 5 civilians
Russia 1 in 11 civillians
At the end of WW2, Russia was an ally of the United States.
Germany is left without a government. United States chose sizes with Germany
Berlin Wall: The anti-fascist protective barrier in 1961 didn't come down till 1989
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) controlled by the United States, Britain, and France
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) controlled by the USSR
Cold War was more of a diplomatic talk between the United States and Russia
Kitchen Debate 1959 - Nixion visited Moscow an American exhibit to show Russians how American families live
Containment Culture and Gender - The United States wants to contain communism so it doesn't come into the United States
Nuclear Family - describes an American family. White mother, father, and two children. The core of the United States. The idea is to encourage fallout shelters
The Kinsey Reports - compared to the atomic bomb. Data within these reports demonstrated premarital intercourse, masturbating, homosexuality, and excessive marriage affairs. Disruptive of the nuclear family