Ap World History Unit 8 Vocab part 4

Biafran Civil War

War in Nigeria, began in 1967, when the Igbos, westernized mainly christian tribe in southerwastern oil-rich Niger Rivver Delta area, tried to secede from the northern-dominated government. The Igbos sought autonomy because of targeted attacks against them by the Hausa-Fulani Islamic group in the north. Igbos decalred them as independent nation called Biafra but the movement failed and Biafra ceased to exist after war ended in 1970.

Quiet Revolution

In 1960s, involved the political and social changes in Quebec. With the liberal party gaining power and reforming economic policies that led to futhur desires for separation from the rest of British-controlled Canada. French Canadian nationalism expanded, and spllinter groups adopted extreme tactics, including terroist bombing that began in 1963.

6-day War

of 1967, Israel fought on three fronts at once. Israel gained the Gaza strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Yom Kippur War

of 1973, Israel repelled a suprise invasion by Egypt and Syria.

Camp Davis Accords

a peace agreement in 1979 between Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt. Mediated by President Jimmy Carter after 30 years of conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors but rejected by the palenstinians and several arab states.

Palenstine Liberation Organization(PLO)

leader Yasser Arrafat, rejected Camp David accords, because they wanted to return of occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of Palenstine.

Fatah

One of the 2 Palestinian factions, controlled the West Bank

Hamas

One of the 2 Palestinian factions, controlled Gaza.

Khmer Rouge

a communst guerrila organization, under the leadership of Pol Pot, overthrew the right-wing government of Cambodia. Once in power, imposed a ruthless form of communism, following chinese model of “cultural revolutions” which targeted intellectuals and dissenters. The slaughter and famined killed 2 million people, quarter of population. Mass graves of victims from killing fields where discovered in countryside and jungles.

Kashmir

A border region in the mountainous region, a persistent tension between India and Pakistan. At time of this, most people in place where Muslim, but the leader was Hindu, therefore both countries claimed it. At times the rivalry there broke out into armed conflict. Tension became more significant when both countries developed nuclear weapons. Eventually India controlled about 45%, Pakistan 35%, and China 20%

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

the world’s first female prime minister, won position in ceylon in 1960 after filling in her husband’s position when he was assassinated in office in 1959. Continued her husband’s socialist economic policies. In 1965 was voted out of office with a sagging economy. In 1970, she returned to power, instituted new policies including land reforms, restriction on free enterprise, and new constitution that changed countries name to sri lanka. Some reforms succeeded but economy stalled again, and in 1977, voted again out of office. Remained in Sri Lankan politics and her daughter became countries first female president in 1994, she appointed her daughter again to the role of prime minister.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharal Nehru, 2 years after death became India’s leader. Underestimated at first but effective and distanced herself from her father’s old guard advisors and making political and economic moves to stengthen India’s economy. Became a revered leader but futhur economic strife undermined her popularity later. Declared national emergency in 1975, and jailed many opposition leaders. Had 20 point economic program that had success but some of the policies were unpopular. In 1977 she lost in election but returned power in 1980 but was assassinated in 1984.

Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan first elected the female prime minister of a majority muslim country in 1988. Father also served as prime minister. She struggled to improve Pakistan;s economy and reduce its poverty. Corruption charges dogged her and her husband. She won the election to two nonconsecutive terms and then went into exile from 1999 until 2007. Shortly after she returned to Pakistan, an assassin killed her.

Julius Nyerere

First Tanzania president, instituted African socialist political and economic ideas. Literacy campaigns, free education, and collective farming were key components of what he called familyhood. Also advanced countries economic independence away from foreign aid. Economic hardships challenged his leadership for years. and conflicts with Uganda and its leader. He was personally popular, couldn’t pull Tanzania out of poverty. Resigned in 1985 but remained an important social leader until death in 1999.

Metropole

a large city of a former colonial rule, london was one

Martin Luther King Jr.

The most prominent of African American civil rights leaders in the United States in the 1950s and 60s was this baptist minister.

Nelson Mandela

a socialist lawyer who lead the black resistance to apartheid. Although in his early life he sometimes supported sabotage and other forms of violent, he was known for leading nonviolent protests

Wladyslaw Gomulka

In 1956, Polish workers demonstrated against soviet domination and demanded better living conditions. The result was this new secretary of the polish communist party. When he came to power he decided to pursue an independent domestic policy in POland but continued to be loyal to the soviet union, allowing the continued presence of Soviet troops in Poland. The soviet establsihed forced collectivization of farms ended at this time.