Exam Review I

Neuromodulation

ÿ        means that both “turn on” factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural) and “turn off factors” (feedback inhibition, etc.) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

List the primary glands. (Glands whose only function is to produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.)

anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (cortex and medulla).

Identify secondary glands

thymus, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes).

Identify the neuroendocrine organs (made of nerve tissue & secrete hormones directly into bloodstream)

Hypothalamus, adrenal medulla

Diffuse endocrine tissue

Heart, kidneys, digestive organs (stomach, small intestine, liver), skin, adipose tissue, placenta  

What chemical classification do most hormones fall under?

protein(peptides)

What are eicosanoids synthesized from

arachnoid (fatty acid)

List steroid hormones

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

Which hormones are water soluble?

Peptide hormones – made of short chains of amino acids.

Examples: Insulin, Glucagon, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), ADH (vasopressin), Oxytocin

Protein hormones – longer chains of amino acids.

Examples: Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin

Glycoprotein hormones – protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached.

Examples: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Catecholamines – derived from amino acids but behave like water-soluble hormones.

Examples: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

What 3 things do hormones have in common?

Stability, communication, and distribution/transport.

What does “half-life” mean?

ÿ        refers to the amount of time in which half (50%) of the hormone's amount becomes inactive or disappears from the blood.

What changes occur once a target cell has been acted on by a hormone stimulus?

ÿ        Activates or deactivates enzymes,

ÿ        alters plasma membrane permeability,

ÿ        activates genes,

ÿ        induces secretory activity from the target cell,

ÿ        induces mitosis.