ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES (copy)

Hydrocarbons

compounds that only contain C and H atoms

Saturated

Saturated or Unsaturated?

carbon-carbon single bonds

Unsaturated

Saturated or Unsaturated?

carbon-carbin multiple bonds

Aromatic compounds

special class of cyclic compounds related in structure to benzene

Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

What are the types of hydrocarbons?

Alkane

This is an example of what type pf Hydrocarbon?

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with a single carbon-carbon bond

Cn H2n+2

General formula of Acyclic Alkane

CnH2n

General formula of Cycloalkane

Methane

What is the simplest Alkane?

sp3; ~109.5°

Every C atom of an Alkane is ___ hybridized with bond angles of ____.

4 Carbons

maximum number of carbons of Acyclic Alkanes

Unbranched alkanes or normal (n-alkanes)

Branched alkanes

Two forms of Alkanes

Suffix

In the nomenclature of Organic Compounds, this part of determines what functional group is present

Parent name

In the nomenclature of Organic Compounds, this part of determines the longest Carbon chain

Prefix

In the nomenclature of Organic Compounds, this part of determines what and where are the subtituents

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IUPAC stands for

• Systematic (IUPAC name)

• Generic- official, internationally approved drug name

• Trade- name assigned by the drug manufacturing company

3 common names of drugs

Propyl/Isopropyl

Ana alkyl group which has three carbons

Substituents

groups attached to main chain of a molecules

Only C and H molecules

Saturated substituents

R

General symbol for alkyl

2 C

secondary carbon is bonded to how many Carbons?

3 C

A tertiary carbon is bonded to how many carbons?

Propane

major constituent of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Butane

gas of choice in some areas.

Petroleum

This is a source of Alkane which is composed of a complex mixture of compounds that must be refined to separate it into usable fractions.

Natural Gas

Often found associated with petroleum deposits, consists mainly of about 80% methane and 5% to 10 % ethane, with lesser amounts of some higher alkanes.

• contain only non-polar C-C and C-H bonds

• exhibit only weak intermolecular forces

• they are insoluble in water

• have lower boiling points

Physical properties of an Alkanes:

van der Waals or London Dispersion Forces

An intermolecular force that has temporarily polarized molecule causes its neighbor to become temporarily polarized

Hydrogen Bonding

Strongest intermolecular forces

O, N, or F

The intermolecular force, Hydrogen Bonding enables a hydrogen atom to bond to?

Dipole-dipole

An intermolecular force that exhibits attractive forces between molecules with permanent dipoles

Hydrogen Bonding

This intermolecular force gives the helix structure of DNA stability

Boiling point

point at which liquid is converted to the gas phase

Melting point

Point at which solid is converted into liquid

Directly proportional

Relationship of stability of the intermolecular forces and the boiling & melting point

Naming Alkanes

prefix (What and where are the substituents) + parent (What is the longest carbon chain) + suffix (What is the functional group)

Naming Alkanes

prefix + parent + suffix

Alkyl Group

A substituent group derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom

Molecular weight

In Alkanes, boiling and melting points increase with increasing _________

Branching

In Alkanes, boiling point decrease with more _________

Naming Cycloalkanes

prefix + cyclo + parent + suffix

Naming Cycloalkanes

prefix + cyclo + parent + suffix

Oxidation (Combustion)

*C-H bonds inthe starting material is converted into C-O bond in the product

Identify the rxn

Halogenation (Substitution Rxn)

Identify the rxn

Halogenation → Polyhalogenated products

Identify the rxn