ap human geo unit 3 by the emo cat but i fixed the problems this time

stan emo cat

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society.

Traditional/Local Culture

Also Called Folk Culture

Heart - Rural Areas, now in mostly LDCs

Diffusion - Relocation Diffusion

Practiced By - Small, homogenous (similar) groups of people

Architecture - Materials from local, physical environment
Ex: Snow, mud, stone, bricks, wood, pelts, and grass

Land-Use Agricultural, Sense of place, Distinctiveness

Example: Texas - mums, China - small feet for women

Global Culture

Also called Popular Culture

Hearth - Urban centers, MDCs

Diffusion - Contagious, Hierarchical

Practiced By - Large Heterogenous (difficult) groups of people

Architecture - Materials from factories & manufactured
Ex: Glass, steel, drywall, cement

Land-use - Urban & suburban, placelessness

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards and often one's own culture/ethnic group is better/normal

Example: Hijab, Food from other cultures. university gestures, etc.

Cultural Relativism

An unbiased way of viewing another culture, the goal is to promote understanding of cultural practices.

Ex: Asking why people eat this instead of judging.

Cultural Norms

Agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture.

Cultural Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Cultural Traits (just in case)

Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group's culture.

Artifacts, Sociofacts, Mentifacts

Artifacts (just in case)

Visible, physical objects created by culture.

Houses, clothing, architecture, tools, etc.

Sociofacts (just in case)

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions.

Family, Schools, Government, Religion, Land use, Gender roles.

Mentifacts (just in case)

The ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture.

Religious beliefs, language, taboos.

Cultural Landscape

Built environment.

Natural landscape that humans modified, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

Agricultural and industrial practices.
Religious and linguistic characteristics.
Sequent Occupancy.
Traditional and postmodern architecture
Land-use patterns.

Sequent occupancy

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time.

Mix of historic and modern structure.

Ethnicity

Sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common acestry and culture.

Ethnicity influencing cultural landscape.

1. Ethnic Neighborhoods/Enclaves
2. Ethnic Patterns in population distribution

Ethnic Neighborhoods/Enclaves

People of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location, typically within a major city.

Relates to chain migration.
Formed to maintain cultural identity, avoid racism and discrimination.

Ex: Chinatown

Ethnic Patterns

Predictable distribution of ethnicities that can be examined at multiple scales.

United States: Historically and contemporarily there are clusters of ethnic groups in specific regions.

Southwest: Latin Americans & Native Americans

Southwest: Asians

Etc.

Gender influencing Cultural Landscapes

Women's status.
Gendered Spaces.

Women's Status

Traditional cultures, primary role of women is to have children and not be active in education or the workforce.

More developed, women have access to further education, the workforce, and property rights.

Do women own property and businesses?
Are women present in colleges? Women's dorms?

Are there women working outside of the home?

Gendered Spaces

Places in the cultural landscape utilized to reinforce or accommodate gender roles for men and women.

Land-use influencing Cultural Landscape

Geographers study land-use patterns as seen on the cultural landscape which reflect the cultural values of the people living there.

Ex: Terrace Farming, US Reservation System, Subsistence Whaling

Architecture influencing Cultural Landscape

Traditional Architecture.

Postmodern Architecture.

Traditional Architecture

Influenced by environment and built with available local materials. Reflective of history, culture and climate.

Huts/Cabins, Stone and clay houses, Portable Mongolian yurts.

Postmodern Architecture

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic success.

Ex: Skyscrapers

Cultural Realm

Areas of the world that share cultural traits such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, shared history, etc.

1. North America
2. Latin America
3. Europe
4. Islamic
5. Sub-Saharan Africa
6. Slav
7. India
8. South-Eastern Asia
9. Australian-Oceanic
10. Sino-Japanese

centripetal force

Characteristics that unify a country and provide stability.

Ex: Common language, ethnicity, religion, history, etc.

Centrifugal forces

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence.

Ex: Multiple competing ethnicity, languages, religions, cultural barriers, etc.

Cultural Hearths

The geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait.

Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth.

Diffusion

The movement or spread of cultural traits, knowledge, ideas, trends from hearths to other geographic areas.

Types of Diffusion

1. Relocation
2. Expansion

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the MIGRATION of people.

People migrate and take their cultures with them.

Ex: European migration to Americas led o spread of European languages and Christianity.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the INTERACTION between people.

Types of Expansion Diffusion

1. Contagious Diffusion
2. Hierarchical Diffusion
3. Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
4. Stimulus Diffusion

Contagious Diffusion

A cultural trait spreads continuously rapidly, and widely from its hearth through close CONTACT between people.

Ex: Viral Videos

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the MOST interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/places/organizations down to others.

Ex: Cell Phones, Cars, Music, Fashion, Popular culture trends, etc.

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the LEAST interconnected, wealthy, or powerful people/places/organizations outwards.

Ex: Hip Hop, Walmart, etc.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle or cultural trait but they are altered/modified due to cultural barriers, taboos, or differences.

Ex: McDonalds in India, Baseball in Japan, American Football, Noodles, etc.

Colonialism diffusing culture

Countries establish settlements in new areas and impose their religion, language, and cultures on the indigenous population.
Colonialism established modern borders.

Neocolonialism diffusing culture

MDCs economically dominanting LDCs. LDCs send laborers to MDCs and they bring their culture.

Trade diffusing culture

People interact to exchange goods. They exchange their cultures and people move to places.

Pidgin Language

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages.

Ex: Spanglish, Franglish, etc.

Creole Language

A pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed through settings of colonization or slavery.

Ex: Haitan, Cajun/Louisiana Creole.

Lingua Franca

A language commonly used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce, or in popular culture.

World Lingua Franca: English

China: Mandarian
Africa: Swahili
Eastern Europe/Russia: Russian

Dialects

Variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance or isolation.

Ex: US and UK

Official Language

Language used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps, etc.

Friction of Distance

As a cultural trait diffuses, the people who adopt it might alter it.

Contemporary methods of cultural diffusion

1. Internet & Tech
2. Social Media & Relationships
3. Media
4. Politics
5. The Economy
6. Urbanization.

Increased cultural and economic connectedness between people.

Cultural Convergence

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other's traits to become more alike.

Ex: World Sports, Kpop, McDonald's, Language, etc.

Cultural Divergence

Cultures become LESS alike from cultural and physical barriers.

The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality.

Separating/distinguishing from mainstream.

Ex: Amish

Language Family

Largest group of related languages which are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and trace back to a common origin.

Tree Trunk

Ex: Indo-European (3.2 billion speakers), Sino-Tibetan (1.4 billion speakers)

Language Branch

A collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago.
They were separated from other languages in their family and now are distinctive although related.

Tree Branch.

Romance Branch, Germanic Branch, etc.

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap.

Tree Twig.

Ex: West Germanic, North Germanic, Indo-Arayan

Languages

A means of communication.

Leaves.

Ex: English, Italian, Hindi

Dialects

Variations of a language.
Ex: Difference in vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling, British English and American English.

Isogloss

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

Lines that divide dialects.
Ex: Sneakers in New England states vs. Tennis Shoes every where else.

Spatial Distribution of Religion

1. Hearths
2. Diffusion
3. Distribution

Impact of Cultural Landscape of Religion

1. Architecture
2. Symbols
3. Pilgrimages & Holy Sites
4. Burial Practices

The big four religions

77% of the World's Population

1. Christianity - 2.4 Billion
2. Islam - 1.9 Billion
3. Hinduism - 1 Billion
4. Buddhism - 500 Million

Other religions:
Judaism - 14 Million
Sikhism - 24 Million

Largest: Christianity
Fastest Growing: Islam

Universalizing Religions

1. Widely diffused from the Hearth
2. BOTH Expansion AND relocation diffusion
3. Not confined to a specific location
4. Missionary - Attempts to convert people to join
Ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, etc.

Ethnic Religion

1. Smaller diffusion and overall distribution from hearth
2. Restricted to relocation diffusion ONLY
3. Tied to specific location and/or ethnic group
4. Does NOT recruit new adherents
Ex: Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism, Daoism, Confucianism, traditional religions, etc.

Diffusion of Christianity

Universalizing

Hearth: Israel

Contagious - Jesus' followers traveled through the Mediterranean & spread Christianity, Missionaries

Hierarchical - Emperor Theodosius made Christianity Roman Empire religion, the Crusades, Spanish Inquisition

Relocation - Colonization and Imperialism

Diffusion of Islam

Universalizing

Hearth - Mecca and Medina, Saudi Arabia

Contagious - Muhammad taught people and spread Islam, Muslim traders brought Islam to India and Indonesia

Hierarchical - Muslim Empires throughout history, military conquest in North Africa, Islamic intellectuals in cities

Diffusion of Buddhism

Universalizing

Hearth - Northern India/Nepal

Contagious - Buddha and missionaries traveled throughout Asia and spread Buddhism, Buddhist traders

Hierarchical - Emperor Ashoka of South Asia, converted to Buddhism and spread it through his empire

Diffusion of Hinduism

Ethnic

Hearth - India

Relocation - Hindu migrants brought Hinduism throughout the world

Diffusion of Judaism

Ethnic

Hearth - Israel/Lebanon

Relocation - Forced out of Israel during Roman Empire into South and East Europe, persecuted in Russia so fled, left Europe during Holocaust

Diffusion of Sikhism

Universalizing

Hearth - Punjab, India

Relocation - Migration to surrounding areas during British Empire, missionaries

Acculturation

When people within one culture adopt some traits from another culture.

Ex: Guatemalan immigrant continue speaking Spanish at home but English in public.

Assimilation

One culture forced or voluntary chose to abandon their original culture and adopts another culture.

Ex: Native Americans forced to learn English, cut their hair, change their clothing, given new names, and forced to become more "American" in Native American Boarding Schools.

Multiculturalism

The acceptance and tolerance of many different cultures which exist in close proximity to one another.

Ex: In 1971, the Canadian government established multiculturalism is a basic right of citizens.

Syncretism

When two culture's traits blend together and form a new cultural trait.

Ex: Sikhism is a mix of Islam and Hinduism.