regeneration

define regeneration

long term upgrading of existing places

define rebranding

• creating a new look or reputation for an area

• often relying on an areas industrial past

• altering the attitudes people have towards an area

• centres on place marketing

define reimaging

making a place more attractive + desirable for people to invest in, live in or visit

what are the key features of regeneration

• aims to attract economic investment

• sustainable

• benefits everyone

• long term/ lasting improvements

• social, economic + environmental

• needs of an area must be understood

what are the sectors of economic activity

• primary

• secondary

• tertiary

• quaternary

• quinary

describe the primary sector of economic activity

• extraction of raw materials (e.g. mining + farming)

• typically in rural areas

describe the secondary sector of economic activity

• processing raw materials + manufacturing (e.g. iron + steel + car manufacturing)

• typically in conurbations

describe the tertiary sector of economic activity

• service sector, tourism + banking (e.g. teachers. doctors + tour guides)

• found throughout the UK

describe the quaternary sector of economic activity

• high-tech research + design (e.g. web designers + research scientists)

• typically found in large cities

describe the quinary sector of economic activity

• knowledge management, business consultancy + leadership (e.g. CEOs + business consultants)

• London + other large cities (e.g. Manchester)

how have economic sectors changed over time

why is there a link between income deprivation + educational deprivation

deprivation leads to educational deprivation:

• cannot afford private education

• cannot afford to spend time helping to educate their children

educational deprivation leads to deprivation:

• lack the skills to access higher paying jobs

what is meant by the function of an area

• the role it plays for the community + the surroundings

• commercial, administrative, retail or industrial

• some places have regional, national or global functions

what are high order functions

• banks, department stores, doctors surgeries

• located in larger settlements

what are low order functions

• grocery stores, post offices + pubs

• found in smaller villages

why are functions of places changing

• internet + broadband service

• changing customer habits (i.e. online shopping)

• large rise in small businesses nationally

how may the function of urban areas change

• industrial revolution: factories (e.g. cotton in Manchester)

• deindustrialisation: cheaper foreign imports lead to unemployment + deprivation

• post-industrialisation: reurbanisation- factories converted into flats + many jobs in tertiary sector

how may the function of rural areas change

• primary industry (agriculture)

• agricultural decline due to cheaper foreign imports + mechanisation means less workers are needed

• post-production countryside: diversification

how might age structure change

• natural change

• migration

• rural areas have a higher elderly population + lower unemployment rates than urban areas

how might ethnic composition change over time

in-migration + out-migration:

• post war migration from former colonies of British empire to assist with post-war rebuilding (e.g. Jamaican migrants came to London on Windrush in 1948)

• eastern European migration to UK when EU expanded in 2004

what is the median age of people in rural areas

45

what is the median age of people in urban areas

37

in the 2011 census, what percentage of people in England + Wales were white

86%

what does filtering down mean

the changes made to an area when lower income groups (e.g. lower paid immigrants or students) move there

what is gentrification

• process of renewal when affluent people move into an area

• results in change in social structure of the area + increased property values

• can lead to displacement of lower income families + small businesses

why might people have differing views on gentrification

• higher income people support it because the area is improved

• lower income may be against it because they may be displaced as house prices rise so are too high for them to afford

• council supports it because higher income people pay higher taxes

• property developers support it because house prices rise

define studentification

• process of social, environmental + economic change to an area due to large numbers of students

• potential conflict with residents due to anti-social behaviour

• students unlikely to carry out improvements to an area

• 2/3 of 10,000 residents in Headingly, Leeds are students concentrated in 73 streets of terraced houses

what are the physical factors affecting the changing characteristics of places

• location: proximity to large cities + core economic zones

• environment/ attractiveness

• technology: lifts allow high rise buildings, vehicles facilitate urban sprawl, Wi-Fi allows people to work from home

how does the accessibility + connectedness of a place change its characteristics

• access to other places by road, rail + air allows investment

how does planning by governments + other stakeholders change the characteristics of a place

• national government policies on restructuring UK economy, trying to equalise benefits + reduce negative externalities of change

• green belts

• expanded towns developed to relieve population pressure from larger cities

• conservation areas to limit new developments + encourage conversions

• large schemes must have an Environmental Impact Assessment

how can the changing characteristics of a place be measured

• to measure change, data over time is needed

• employment trends: census data

• demographic changes: census data

• land use changes: maps + photos

• levels of deprivation: Index of Multiple Deprivation

how does historical development affect the changing characteristics of a place

• post-production era: end of primary production (i.e. agriculture) + manufacturing

• competition for land for commercial, retail, residential + infrastructure functions (highest value land in CBD)

• changes in consumer trends:

  • corner shop to supermarket to online

  • increased demand for single homes due to demographic + cultural trends

  • big businesses + TNCs shape consumer demand, + therefore the character of places (e.g. cloned shopping centres)

• increased affluence has increased leisure + tourism functions + people may have second homes

• historical buildings can be an asset or a deterrent (legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing)

describe the changes in Manchester between the 1930s + today

• centre of industrial revolution, wool + cotton, thousands of jobs

• 1894- Manchester ship canal opened:

  • 75,000 employed at Salford Quays

  • Manchester Docks were 3rd busiest port in Britain

• deindustrialisation due to expansion of secondary industry in emerging economies (e.g. Japan + Taiwan)

  • factories struggled to compete with lower wages + less regulation in workplace, leading to closing of businesses

  • widespread unemployment + deprivation

• 1971-81: Manchester lost 50,000 full time jobs + 17.5% of its population

• present function: UK’s second largest city, many museums, theatres, bars + restaurants, Manchester Piccadilly is busiest train station in England outside of London

when was Manchester ship canal opened

1894

how many people were employed at Salford Quays in 1894

75,000

by how much did Manchester’s population decrease from 1971-81

by 17.5%

how many full time jobs were lost in Manchester from 1971-81

50,000

how can places be represented formally

• tourist board websites

• local council press release

• national government data

how can places be represented informally

• social media

• online forums + comments

• vlogs + blogs

what was the historical function of Manchester

• centre of industrial revolution, wool + cotton, thousands of jobs

• 1894- Manchester ship canal opened:

  • 75,000 employed at Salford Quays

  • Manchester Docks were 3rd busiest port in Britain

what was the historical function of Scarborough

• castle built in 12th century

• developed into a spa town in the 18th century- attracted tourists

• flourished as a spa town, a seaside resort, a fishing port + had a prosperous shipbuilding industry

what were the key processes resulting in changes of the function of Manchester

• deindustrialisation due to expansion of secondary industry in emerging economies (e.g. Japan + Taiwan)

  • factories struggled to compete with lower wages + less regulation in workplace, leading to closing of businesses

  • widespread unemployment + deprivation

• 1971-81: Manchester lost 50,000 full time jobs + 17.5% of its population

• 1998-2015: 84% increase in city centre jobs (reurbanisation)

what were the key processes resulting in changes of the function of Scarborough

• 1845: Scarborough York Railway increased visitors

• 19th century: decline of shipbuilding industry due to foreign competition

• cheaper flights abroad in the 2000s were detrimental to Britain’s tourism industry

what is Manchester’s present function

• UK’s second largest city- capital of the north

• many museums, theatres, bars + restaurants

• Manchester Piccadilly is the busiest English train station outside of London

• population of 586,100 (in 2021)

what is Scarborough’s present function

• aims to attract tourists (e.g. through Alpamere Waterpark)

• large fishing + services industry

• many factories (e.g. McCains)

• largest industry is accommodation + services

• due to specialised industry, a major event could lead to the collapse of Scarborough’s economy

• population of 108,700 (2021)

what are the reasons for changes in Manchester’s function

• physical factors:

  • flat land is good for agriculture + constructing infrastructure, making Manchester more accessible

  • cotton mills + factories converted into flats + offices

• accessibility:

  • close to Leeds, Liverpool + Sheffield

  • Manchester airport

  • many TNCs with head offices in Manchester (e.g. Etihad + Adidas)

  • M60 + M6

• historical development:

  • one of fastest growing city centre populations (grew by 149% from 2002-15)

  • first council homes built in early 20th century

  • metrolink built in 1992

  • world’s first industrial city

  • main industry changed from cotton to entertainment industry

• local + national planning:

  • urban entrepreneurialism in 1987- focus on increasing city’s competitiveness within global market

  • tried to maintain historical buildings, as it attracts people to the area

  • increased demand for space from residents + businesses, so may have to reduce size of greenbelts

  • in 1970s planning officials said nothing higher than historic buildings should be built, but this was overturned in 1990s to usher investment

how did local + national planning contribute to the change in function of Manchester

• urban entrepreneurialism in 1987- focus on increasing city’s competitiveness within global market

• tried to maintain historical buildings, as it attracts people to the area

• increased demand for space from residents + businesses, so may have to reduce size of greenbelts

• in 1970s planning officials said nothing higher than historic buildings should be built, but this was overturned in 1990s to usher investment

by what percentage did Manchester’s population increase by from 2002-15

149%

what physical factors led to a change in Manchester’s function

• flat land is good for agriculture + constructing infrastructure, making Manchester more accessible

• cotton mills + factories converted into flats + offices

how has historical development contributed to a change in Manchester’s function

• one of fastest growing city centre populations (grew by 149% from 2002-15)

• first council homes built in early 20th century

• metrolink built in 1992

• world’s first industrial city

• main industry changed from cotton to entertainment industry

what are the reasons for changes in Scarborough’s function

• physical factors:

  • seaside which allows for fishing + beach to attract tourists

  • no major motorways

  • peripheral region

• accessibility:

  • not very accessible

  • railway opened in 1845 + links Scarborough to York, Leeds, Manchester + Liverpool

• historical development:

  • market hall opened in 1852

  • identity as a seaside resort was born in 1960s due to wealthy middle class + cars enabling transport to the town

• local + national planning:

  • 20,000 new affordable homes backed by European Investment Bank built for whole of UK

  • McCain foods will invest £100m in expanding Scarborough plant, which will increase employment opportunities

  • could receive £20m of funding to invest in local peoples priorities by 2034 as part of a plan to revive high streets

  • by 2035, Scarborough’s economy will be refocused with an emphasis on digital + creative industries

how did Manchester’s population change from 2011-21

increased by 10%

how did Scarborough’s population change from 2011-21

decreased by 0.1%

what is the median age in Manchester

31

what is the median age in Scarborough

50

what percentage of people in Manchester are white as of 2021

57%

what percentage of people in Scarborough are white as of 2021

97%

how has Manchester’s ethnic composition changed from 2011-21

increased by 52%

what percentage of homes in Manchester are socially rented

30%

what percentage of homes in Scarborough are socially rented

14%

where is Manchester ranked on the rank of most deprived local authorities in the IMD

6th out of 326

where is Scarborough ranked on the rank of most deprived local authorities in the IMD

90th out of 326

what are the reasons for deprivation in Manchester

• lack of employment

• deindustrialisation led to job losses

• new investment offers employment in skilled jobs, but people in deprived areas cannot benefit from high skilled jobs

• older buildings no longer suitable for new industry

what are the reasons for deprivation in Scarborough

lack of employment opportunities due to poor connectedness + lack of investment