The End of the War and Its Legacy

In the __________ of ____(y), newly elected president Richard ________ announced the first __.__ _________ withdrawals from _________.

summer; 1969; Nixon; U. S. troop; Vietnam

As _______ pulled out the troops, he continued the war against ______ _________, a policy that some critics would charge prolonged the "____ _________ _____" for several more bloody years.

Nixon; North Vietnam; war without end

As President ________ settled into the _______ ________ in __________ of ____(y), negotiations to end the war in __________ were going __________.

Nixon; White House; January; 1969; Vietnam; nowhere

The _______ ________ and _______ _________ insisted that all ________ ______________ forces withdraw from the _______ and that the government of _________ ____ ______, then ______ _________'s ruler, remain in power.

United States; South Vietnam; North Vietnamese; South; Nguyen Van Thieu; South Vietnam

The _______ _____________ and _________ demanded that U. S. troops withdraw from ______ _________ and that the ________ government step aside for a __________ government that would include the ___________.

North Vietnamese; Vietcong; South Vietnam; Thieu; coalition; Vietcong

In the midst of the stalled negotiations, ________ conferred with ___________ ___________ _________ Henry __________ on a plan to end America's _____________ in Vietnam.

Nixon; National Security Adviser; Kissinger; involvement

Kissinger, a _________ __________ who had earned three degrees from _________, was an expert on ______________ ___________.

German emigrant; Harvard; international relations

Vietnamization

President Nixon's strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces.

By ________ ____ (m/y), the first __,___ U. S. troops had returned home from _________. Over the next _ years, the number of American troops in Vietnam dropped from more than ___,___ to less than __,___.

August 1969; 25,000; Vietnam; 3; 500,000; 25,000

What was the impact of Vietnamization on the United States?

Vietnamization drastically cut America's involvement in Vietnam and allowed for thousands of U.S. troops to come home.

Part of ________ and ___________'s __________________ policy was aimed at establishing what the president called a "_______ _____ _______."

Nixon; Kissinger; Vietnamization; peace with honor

With this objective and even as the _________ had begun ________ secretly ordered a massive bombing campaign against supply routes and bases in _______ _________.

pullout; Nixon; North Vietnam

The ___________ also ordered that ________ be dropped on the neighboring countries of ______ and ___________, which held a number of __________ ________________.

president; bombs; Laos; Cambodia; Vietcong sanctuaries

Nixon told his aide H. R. ____________ that he wanted the enemy to believe he was capable of anything.

Haldeman

silent majority

a name given by President Richard Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies.

In _____________ ____(m/y), ____ _____ _______ correspondent Seymour _______ reported that on _______ ___ ____ (m/d/y), a U. S. __________ under the command of Lieutenant William ________ __. , had massacred innocent civilians in the small village of ___ ____ in ____________ ______ __________.

November 1969; New York Times; Hersh; March 16, 1968; platoon; Calley, Jr.; My Lai; northern South Vietnam

Finding no sign of the ________, the troops rounded up the ___________ and shot more than ___ (n) innocent _______________ mostly women, children, and elderly men.

enemy; villagers; 200; Vietnamese

The troops insisted that they were not ______________ for the shootings because they were only following Lieutenant _______'s orders.

responsible; Calley

__ (n) army officers were charged with some ________ of ____________, but only ________ was convicted and _________________.

25; degree; responsibility; Calley; imprisoned

On ______ __ ____ (m/d/y), President ________ announced that U. S. troops had invaded ____________ to clear out ________ ______________ and __________ ________ _________.

April 30, 1970; Nixon; Cambodia; North Vietnamese; Vietcong supply centers

In what became the first _________ __________ ______ in the nation's history, more than _.__ ____________ (n) students closed down some _,___ (n) campuses.

general student strike; 1. 5 million; 1,200

Kent State University

an Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting at the ROTC building about the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four.

__ days later, similar violence rocked the mostly all-black college of __________ ______ in _______________.

10; Jackson State; Mississippi

In the hail of bullets, __ (n) students were wounded and _ were killed, both ____________ _______________.

12; 2; innocent bystanders

The weeks following the _________ _________ brought new attention to a group known as
"___________,"construction workers and other _____-_______ Americans who supported the __.__ ____________'s ___ ________.

campus turmoil; hardhats; blue-collar; U. S. government's war policies

In ____ ____ (m.y), nearly ___,___ (n) members of the __________ ____ ____________ ______ ________ __ ____ ______ held a rally outside _____ ____ to support the government.

May 1970; 100,000; Building and Construction Trades Council of New York; city hall

How did the campus shootings demonstrate the continued divisions within the country?

It continued to divide people because some agreed with the national guard taking action and some didn't.

By first bombing and then invading ___________ without even notifying __________, the president stirred anger on ___________ _____.

Cambodia; Congress; Capitol Hill

On ___________ __, ____ (m/d/y), Congress repealed the ________ _____ ____________, which had given the president near _______________ in conducting policy in __________.

December 31, 1970; Tonkin Gulf Resolution; independence; Vietnam

Pentagon Papers

a 7,000-page document— leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg—revealing that the U.S. government had not been honest about its intentions in the Vietnam War.

For many Americans, the __________ _______ confirmed their belief that the _____________ had not been honest about its ____ ____________.

Pentagon Papers; government; war intentions

In ______ ____ (m/y), the ______ ______________ launched their largest attack on ______ ____________ since the ___ ____________ in ____(y).

March 1972; North Vietnamese; South Vietnam; Tet offensive; 1968

President _______ responded by ordering a __________ ___________ ___________ against _______ _____________ _______. He also ordered that mines be laid in _____________ ________, the North's largest harbor, into which ________ and __________ ships brought supplies.

Nixon; massive bombing campaign; North Vietnamese cities; Haiphong harbor; Soviet; Chinese

By the middle of ____(y), the country's growing _______ __________ and the looming presidential election prompted the ________ administration to change its __________________ ________.

1972; social division; Nixon; negotiating policy

Polls showed that more than __% of Americans in ____(y) thought that the _________ ________ should withdraw all troops from ___________ by the end of the year.

60; 1971; United States; Vietnam

Henry ____________, the president's _________ for __________ ____________ ________, served as Nixon's top ______________ in Vietnam.

Kissinger; adviser; national security affairs; negotiator

Since ____(y), __________ had been meeting privately with ______ __________'s chief negotiator, ___ ___ ____.

1969; Kissinger; North Vietnam; Le Duc Tho

Eventually, ___________ dropped his insistence that _______ _________ withdraw all its troops from the _______ before the complete withdrawal of ____________ _______.

Kissinger; North Vietnam; South; American troops

On __________ __ ____ (m/d/y), days before the presidential election, Kissinger announced, "_______ __ __ _____."

October 26, 1972; Peace is at hand.

The _____ ________, alarmed at the prospect of _______ ______________ troops stationed in _______ _________, rejected ___________'s plan.

Thieu regime; North Vietnamese; South Vietnam; Kissinger

Talks broke off on ______________ __ (m/d). Two days later, the president unleashed a ferocious bombing campaign against _______ and _____________, the two largest cities in _______ ___________. In what became known as the "____________ ____________,"

December 16; Hanoi; Haiphong; North Vietnam; Christmas bombings

U. S. planes dropped ___,___ (n) bombs over the course of __ straight days, pausing only on ___________ ____.

100,000; 11; Christmas Day

The warring parties returned to the peace table, and on __________ __ ____ (m/d/y), the ________ _______ signed an "____________ __ ______ ___ ____ ___ ________ ______ __ _________." Under the agreement, ________ _____________ _______ would remain in _______ ___________.

January 27, 1973; United States; Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam; North Vietnamese troops; South Vietnam

On ______ __ ____ (m/d/y), the last U. S. combat troops left for home. For America, the ___________ ____ had ended.

March 29, 1973; Vietnam War

Summarize what led to the agreement to end the war in Vietnam.

Kissinger dropped his insistence that the North Vietnamese withdraw all troops from the South before complete withdrawal of U.S. troops. The Thieu regime rejected Kissinger's plan. Nixon unleashed a bombing campaign on North Vietnam. Peace talks resumed and the warring parties signed an agreement to end the war.

Within months of the _________ ________' departure, the ________-_____ ______________ between ________ and ______ ___________ collapsed.

United States; cease-fire agreement; North; South Vietnam

In _______ ____ (m/y), after several years of fighting, the _______ ______________ launched a full-scale invasion against the ______. _______ appealed to the United States for help.

March 1975; North Vietnamese; South; Thieu

On ______ __ ____ (m/d/y), _______ _______________ tanks rolled into _________ and captured the city. Soon after, _______ ____________ surrendered to ______ ___________.

April 30, 1975; North Vietnamese; Saigon; South Vietnam; North Vietnam

Why might the United States have refused to reenter the war?

Because of the War's devise affect on the country as well as the desire to heal and rebuild after massive causalities and expense.

In an effort to honor the men and women who served in Vietnam, the U. S. government unveiled the _________ __________ ____________ in ______________ __.__., in ____ (y).

Vietnam Veterans Memorial; Washington, D. C; 1982

Also fleeing the country was a large group of poor Vietnamese, known as ______ __________ because they left on anything from ___________ to ________ to __________.

boat people; freighters; barges; rowboats

The U. S. invasion of _____________ had unleashed a brutal _____ ____ in which a ______________ group known as the _________ _______, led by ____ ____, seized power in ____ (y).

Cambodia; civil war; communist; Khmer Rouge; Pol Pot; 1975

In an effort to transform the country into a peasant society, the _________ ________ executed _______________ and anyone with an ____________ or foreign ties. During its reign of terror, the ________ ________ is believed to have killed at least _ ___________ Cambodians.

Khmer Rouge; professionals; education; Khmer Rouge; 1 million

Many _______ continued to insist that the ____ could have been won if the United States had employed more __________ ________.

hawks; war; military power

_______ countered that the _______ _____________ had displayed incredible ___________ and that an increase in U. S. military force would have resulted only in a _______________ ____________.

Doves; North Vietnamese; resiliency; continuing stalemate

________ argued that an unrestrained war against _______ __________ might have prompted a ___________ __________ from ________ or the ________ ______.

Doves; North Vietnam; military reaction; China; Soviet Union

First, the government ____________ the _____, which had stirred so much _________ ______________.

abolished; draft; antiwar sentiment

War Powers Act (WPA)

a law enacted in 1973, limiting a president's right to send troops into battle without consulting Congress.

In _____________ ____ (m/y), Congress passed the War Powers Act, which stipulated that a ____________ must inform __________ within __ hours of sending forces into a hostile area without a ____________ of war.

November 1973; president; Congress; 48; declaration

The troops may remain there no longer than __ (n) days unless ___________ approves the president's actions or declares war.

90; Congress

In what has been labeled the ____________ __________, Americans now pause and consider possible risks to their own interests before deciding whether to ___________ in the affairs of _______ ___________.

Vietnam syndrome; intervene; other nations