Foundations of Pedagogy and History of Education Flashcards

These vocabulary flashcards cover the entire lecture transcript, including fundamental pedagogical terminology, historical eras from Ancient Mesopotamia to the 20th century, and the theories of major educational reformers.

Pedagogy

A science concerning the education and upbringing of children and youth, derived from the Greek words "pais" (child) and "ago" (I lead).

Paidagogos

In Ancient Greece, a leader of boys who was typically a slave that accompanied the child to school.

Andragogy

The science of the education and upbringing of adults, derived from the Greek "aner" (adult/man) and "ago" (I lead).

Alexander Kapp

The individual who first used the term "andragogy" in 1833.

Education (Vzgoja)

An intentional process of forming or changing personality in accordance with a specific educational ideal, involving influence and authority.

Indoctrination

The instilling of a specific doctrine, knowledge, and patterns where the individual is not allowed critical judgment.

Manipulation

Leading an individual toward a goal determined by the manipulator, where the manipulated person does not know the final goal.

Authority

The power of an individual or institution to influence another person, characterized by an unequal relationship (superior-subordinate).

Formal Education

Education that leads to a publicly valid certificate or formal degree.

Non-formal Education

Organized learning that typically does not result in a formal degree.

Informal / Occasional Learning

Unplanned learning from everyday life and experiences.

Socialization

A term developed by Émile Durkheim; it is the development of an individual from a biological being into a social personality.

Ideological Apparatuses of the State

Proposed by Louis Althusser, these include institutions like schools, media, churches, and families that maintain the social system through ideas and values.

John Locke

Philosopher who described the child as a "tabula rasa" (blank slate) and aimed to educate the "gentleman" through experience and habit.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Pedagogical thinker who believed "Man is good by nature" and authored "Emile or On Education," placing the child at the center of education.

Natural Education

Rousseau's concept where the educator arranges the environment so the child learns from their own experiences and natural consequences.

Well-Regulated Freedom (Dobro urejena svoboda)

Rousseau's concept of discipline where the child thinks they are free, but the educator indirectly directs their behavior by controlling the environment.

Neohumanism

A cultural and philosophical movement aiming to humanize individuals through self-realization (Bildung) rather than practical utility.

Wilhelm von Humboldt

A reformer of the Prussian school system who prioritized general education over vocational training and established the 3-stage system: Elementary, Gymnasium, University.

Matura

A "maturity exam" introduced at the end of Gymnasium, signifying readiness for university and life.

Johann Friedrich Herbart

Considered the founder of pedagogy as a science; he authored "General Pedagogy" in 1806 and linked it to causality.

Herbart's Three Components of Education

Government (Leading), Instruction (Teaching), and Discipline (Moral Training).

Educational Instruction (Vzgojni pouk)

Herbart's concept that teaching must simultaneously educate facts and form the child's personality and character.

Articulation of Lessons (Formal Steps)

Herbart's four phases of the teaching process: Clarity, Association, System, and Method.

Edubba

The Sumerian "House of Tablets," a school where students practiced writing on clay tablets.

Areté

The Ancient Greek ideal of virtue or excellence, which in the Homeric era was determined by comparison and the judgment of others.

Agoge

The strict, state-controlled Spartan system of education focused on turning boys into disciplined and resilient soldiers.

Kalokagathia

The Athenian educational ideal of being "beautiful and good," aiming for a balance between physical (body) and moral/intellectual (soul) development.

Sofists

The first professional teachers in Athens who taught politics, rhetoric, and dialectics for a fee, advocating for ethical relativism.

Socrates

Philosopher who opposed the Sofists and used "Maieutics" (the midwifery method) to help students discover truth through questioning.

Platon

The first pedagogical theorist and founder of the Academy; he proposed a state-run education system divided by social classes (philosophers, soldiers, workers).

Aristotle

Student of Plato and founder of the Lyceum; he systematized "Enkyklios Paideia" (rounded education) and emphasized that education requires leisure (schole).

Septem Artes Liberales

The Seven Liberal Arts, consisting of the Trivium (Grammar, Dialectic, Rhetoric) and the Quadrivium (Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music).

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus

The most important Roman pedagogical theorist who authored "The Education of an Orator" and opposed physical punishment.

Aurelius Augustinus (St. Augustine)

The founder of medieval Christian pedagogy who synthesized the Greco-Roman tradition with Christian doctrine.

Carolingian Renaissance

A period of educational reform under Charlemagne (Karel Veliki) focused on preparing literature, educating clergy, and instructing the populace.

Schola Interna vs. Schola Externa

Medieval monastic schools divided into internal (for future monks) and external (for laity and nobility).

The Three Estates (Orders)

The structural division of medieval society into Oratores (those who pray), Bellatores (those who fight), and Laboratores (those who work).

Chivalric Education (Viteška vzgoja)

A practical system for nobility consisting of three stages: Page ($7-14$ years), Squire ($14-20$ years), and Knight ($20/21$ years).

Guild Education (Cehovsko izobraževanje)

Professional vocational training organized by crafts, moving through the stages of Apprentice, Journeyman, and Master.

Martin Luther

Leader of the Reformation who demanded that both boys and girls be taught to read the Bible in their mother tongue.

Johannes Sturm

The "Father of the Gymnasium," who established a 10-year secondary school model in 1538 focused on "Sapiens atque eloquens pietas."

Ratio Studiorum

The Jesuit educational code ($1584$, $1599$) that strictly organized their school system, teaching methods, and discipline.

Johann Amos Comenius (Komenský)

A major pedagogical reformer who authored "The Great Didactics" and proposed a system of eight lifelong schools in his work "Pampaedia."

Orbis Pictus (Svet v slikah)

A famous textbook by Comenius published in 1658, known for its rich use of illustrations to help children learn languages.

Philanthropinism

An Enlightenment pedagogical movement led by Johann Bernhard Basedow that focused on utility, happiness, and physical training.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Swiss educator who believed education should address the "Head, Heart, and Hand" (intellectual, moral, and physical/vocational training).

Friderik Fröbel

The "Father of Kindergarten," who believed play is the highest level of child development and created specialized didactic materials.

Herbert Spencer

Promoter of pedagogical utilitarianism; he believed education should prepare individuals for "complete living" and the struggle for existence.

Ellen Key

Author of "The Century of the Child" (1900), who advocated for children's rights and argued that education should follow nature.

Georg Kerschensteiner

A key figure in the "Work School" (Arbeitsschule) movement who used manual labor as a means of civic and character education.

John Dewey

Founder of pragmatist pedagogy and the concept of "Learning by doing," viewing the school as a living community.

Rudolf Steiner

Founder of Waldorf pedagogy based on anthroposophy, emphasizing cycles of development and "epochal" teaching.

Maria Montessori

Italian physician whose method centers on the child's freedom within a prepared environment, summarized as "Help me to do it myself."

Célestin Freinet

Educator who emphasized school cooperatives, printing presses, and learning based on the child's interests and democratic self-management.

Dalton Plan

An individualized educational model created by Helen Parkhurst where students work at their own pace in specialized "laboratories."

Project Method

Developed by William Heard Kilpatrick, this method involves students choosing and solving real-life problems in four phases: Purpose, Plan, Execution, and Evaluation.

Deschooling Society (Razšolanje družbe)

A 1971 work by Ivan Illich which critiqued the institutionalization of education and called for informal webs of learning.

Paulo Freire

Author of "Pedagogy of the Oppressed," who criticized the "banking model" of education and advocated for dialogue as a tool for liberation.