Bio Chapter 1

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Community

4. Population

5. Individual

Biosphere

encompasses all life on Earth

ecosystem

are where living organisms interact with each other and their non-living physical environment

community

interaction between different species and their interactions, which are all biological

population

group of individuals all of the same species

inidividual

individual organism, one discrete unit of life

components of an individual

organ, cell, organelle, molecule, and tissue

organ

structure made up of tissues that work together as a unit to perform a function for an organism

cell

the basic unit of life that make up all living things

organelle

mini tiny organs that operate at sub-cellular level

molecule

made up of atoms and helps with energy transfer

virus

non-living subcellular parasite that needs a host to survive on its own

4 macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

unifying themes of biology

• Levels of Organization

• Transmission of Genetic Information

• Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter

• Interactions between Organisms and with their environment

• Evolution

2 types of cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells

• no nucleus

• single celled

• can be found in colonial growth

• no membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

• has a nucleus

• multicellular, but can be single celled

• has membrane bound organelles

ways of understanding organization

reductionism, systems biology, and emergent properties

reductionism

reducing a complex system into smaller components and studying them

• (like zooming into a photo to see each individual person)

systems biology

study of various combined interactions that create the emergent properties of a system

• (like seeing how each person is connected in the photo)

emergent properties

characteristics or patterns of a system that are created from interactions between its components

• (like zooming out of the photo to see the bigger picture. it can show you things in the photo you may not have seen)

DNA

AKA deoxyribonucleic acid, unit of inheritance that encodes for hundreds or thousands of genes per molecule

genes

contain the information for a species to reproduce and code for the essential molecules that keep a living cell functioning

what is considered a living cell

it has a form of metabolism and replication

gene expression

all living things have the same genetic code

• differences between organisms is due to differences between nucleotide sequences

protein

cellular structure that has many different functions in a cell

• they can be enzymes, support shape of cell, and act as messengers

genome

the "library" of genetic instructions inherited by an organism in the form of DNA

genomics

the studying of entire sets of genes from one or more species

• differs from genetics which focuses on individual genes

proteome

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

proteomics

study of sets of proteins and their properties

bioinformatics

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze large and complex biological data

transfer and transformation of energy and matter

energy flow: light energy comes from the sun, plants convert sunlight to chemical energy, organisms use chemical energy to do work, heat is lost to the environment

material cycling: plants take up chemicals from the soil/air, chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants, decomposers return chemicals to the soil/air

Climate Change

significant change to the global climate that lasts for 3 decades or more and causes:

• habitat destruction

• alterations in ocean currents

• species endangerment and loss of diversity

• economic losses

evolution

all life on Earth descended from common ancestors

diversity

traits are shared between species because they inherited them from a common ancestor

unity

sharing of traits between organisms came from a single ancestor

species

group of individuals who can successfully interbreed and produce offspring

True or false: individuals belonging to one species cannot interbreed with different species to produce offspring

true

charles darwin

published the first presentation of evolution and how it happened

• wrote "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

descent with modification

species change over time because of mutations that occur spontaneously which changes the genetic makeup of that species

natural selection

process by which organisms with traits that are more suited for survival and reproduction in their environment are favoured and evolve

Darwin's theory of evolution

• individuals within a population have varying heritable traits

• populations can produce more offspring than can survive to reproduce

• species are adapted to their environment

Taxonomic system

used to classify organisms of similar genetic makeup in a hierarchy

• the lower on the list, the more closely related

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

• Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Soup

Binomial Nomenclature

two part naming system for species, using latin words

• ex: Homo sapien (Genius, species)

Archaea and Eukaryota...

share greater biochemical similarities than with bacteria

4 kingdoms of Eukarya

kingdom Plantae, kingdom Animalia, kingdom protista, kingdom fungi

what happens when you change the structure of polypeptides

changes the function