Osteology-bone biology

anterior

toward front

posterior

Toward back

ventral

toward belly

dorsal

Back of foot or top of hand

Superior

Toward head

Inferior

Away from head

Cranial

Toward head end

Caudal

Toward tail

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Nearest to axial skeleton

Distal

Farthest from axial skeleton

Palmar

Palm side of hand

Plantar

Sole of foot

Sagittal

Left and right

Coronal

Front and back

Transverse

Horizontally

SAP

standing palms face forward

Cranial skeleton

Bones of skull

Postcranial skeleton

All bones other than skull

Axial skeleton

Center axis of body

Appendicular skeleton

Appendages

Skull

Protects brain

Thorax

Sternum and ribcage

Pectoral girdle

Shoulder

Pelvis

Connects trunk to legs

Carpals

Hands

Tarsals

Feet

Flat bones

Thin and wide

Protects internal organs

Long bones

Tubular and flared at ends

Cortical and cancellous

Support weight

Short bones

Blocky

Cancellous

Stability

Irregular bones

Complex shapes

Not as dense

Projections

Sesamoid bones

Small, sesame seed

Embedded in tendons

Stress and wear

Ala

Wing like

Coronoid

Crow beak

Diaphysis

Shaft

Diploe

Tissues between tables of skull

Epiphysis

Flared end

Facet

Small smooth articular area

Glenoid

Socket

Head

Large rounded end

Metaphysis

Neck

Boss

Smooth rounded eminence

Capitulum

Small rounded articular end

Consyle

Rounded articular surface

Crista

Prominent ridge

Crest

Sharp thin ridge

Eminence

Long projection

Epicondyle

Tuberose above condyle

Hamulus

Hook shaped projection

Line

Raised linear surface

Linea

Slight ridge

Malleolus

Rounded protuberance

Process

Projection

Ridge

Rough narrow elevation

Spine

Long thin sharp process

Styloid

Stylus

Torus

Thickened ridge

Torchanter

Large prominence

Trochlea

Spool

Tubercle

Small tuberosity

Tuberosity

Large projection rough surface

Alveolus

Tooth socket

Aperture

Opening

canal

passageway

fissure

narrow slit

foramen

transmission hole

fossa

depression

fovea

pit like depression

groove

long pit

meatus

short canal

sinus

cavity in cranial bone

sulcus

long, wide, shallow groove

flexion

decrease angle

extension

increase angle

abduction

away from midline

adduction

toward midline

circumduction

cone shape

rotation

turn on axis

opposition

bring together

pronation

palm posterior

supination

palm anterior

dorsiflexion

flex feet

plantarflexion

point feet

eversion

sole outward

inversion

sole inward

functions

support

protect

red blood cell production

mineral storage

energy reserve

endocrine regulation

appetite

support

scaffolding

protection

soft tissue

shock absorb

red blood cell production

cancellous, bone grow

mineral storage

dense compact bone body tap into

energy reserve

fat-medullary cavity

endocrine regulation

horomones-osteocalcin (glucose and fat)

appetite

LCN2-suppress appetite

embryo

3 primordial germ layers

ectoderm

external

epidermis skin cells, neurons, pigment

endoderm

internal

lung, thyroid, pancreatic cells

mesoderm

middle

cardiac muscles, red blood cells, smooth muscle

collagen

organic matrix

30% of bone

strong flexible protein

hydroxyapatite

inorganic matrix

70% of bone

rigity and strength