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Sensation

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45 Terms

1

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

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2

Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.

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3

Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect and respond to specific types of sensory stimuli.

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4

Signal Detection Theory

A theory that explains how we detect signals amidst noise, considering both sensitivity and decision-making processes.

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5

Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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6

Just-Noticeable Difference (Difference Threshold)

The smallest difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.

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7

Weber’s Law

A principle stating that the just-noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

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8

Sensory Adaptation

The diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus.

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9

Sensory Interaction

The principle that one sense may influence another, such as taste and smell.

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10

Synesthesia

A condition in which one sense is simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional senses.

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11

Embodied Cognition

The theory that cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body's interactions with the world.

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12

Subliminal

Below the threshold of conscious awareness.

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13

Priming

The activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

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14

Wavelengths

The distance between successive peaks of a wave, which determines the color in light and pitch in sound.

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15

Hue

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

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16

Intensity

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which influences brightness or loudness.

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17

Cornea

The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil and helps to focus light.

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18

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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19

Iris

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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20

Retina

The light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into neural signals.

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21

Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot with no receptor cells.

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22

Visual Nerve (optic nerve)

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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23

Lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

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24

Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects.

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25

Nearsightedness

A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.

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26

Farsightedness

A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.

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27

Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

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28

Photoreceptors

Cells in the retina that convert light into neural signals; includes rods and cones.

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29

Transduction

The process of converting one form of energy into another, such as light into neural signals.

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30

Rods

Photoreceptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and night vision.

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31

Cones

Photoreceptors that detect color and are concentrated in the fovea.

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32

(Young-Helmholtz) Trichromatic Theory

A theory that suggests the retina contains three types of color receptors (red, green, blue).

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33

Opponent-Process Theory

A theory that suggests color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems:a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.

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34

Feature Detectors

Neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

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35

Afterimages

Visual sensations that remain after the original stimulus has been removed.

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36

Ganglion cells

Neurons in the retina that receive input from photoreceptors and transmit visual information to the brain.

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37

Dichromatism

A color vision deficiency where individuals can only perceive two colors.

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38

Monochromatism

A condition where individuals can only perceive one color due to a lack of color receptors.

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39

Prosopagnosia

A neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

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40

Blindsight

A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them.

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41

Parallel Processing

The ability of the brain to process multiple aspects of a stimulus simultaneously.

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42

Frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, related to pitch in sound.

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43

Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound, determining how high or low it sounds.

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44

Amplitude

The height of a wave, which determines the loudness of a sound.

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45

Middle Ear

The air-filled space between the

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