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45 Terms

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Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

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Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.

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Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect and respond to specific types of sensory stimuli.

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Signal Detection Theory

A theory that explains how we detect signals amidst noise, considering both sensitivity and decision-making processes.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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Just-Noticeable Difference (Difference Threshold)

The smallest difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.

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Weber’s Law

A principle stating that the just-noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

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Sensory Adaptation

The diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus.

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Sensory Interaction

The principle that one sense may influence another, such as taste and smell.

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Synesthesia

A condition in which one sense is simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional senses.

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Embodied Cognition

The theory that cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body's interactions with the world.

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Subliminal

Below the threshold of conscious awareness.

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Priming

The activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

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Wavelengths

The distance between successive peaks of a wave, which determines the color in light and pitch in sound.

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Hue

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

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Intensity

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which influences brightness or loudness.

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Cornea

The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil and helps to focus light.

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Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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Iris

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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Retina

The light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into neural signals.

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Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot with no receptor cells.

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Visual Nerve (optic nerve)

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

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Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects.

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Nearsightedness

A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.

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Farsightedness

A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.

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Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

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Photoreceptors

Cells in the retina that convert light into neural signals; includes rods and cones.

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Transduction

The process of converting one form of energy into another, such as light into neural signals.

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Rods

Photoreceptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and night vision.

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Cones

Photoreceptors that detect color and are concentrated in the fovea.

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(Young-Helmholtz) Trichromatic Theory

A theory that suggests the retina contains three types of color receptors (red, green, blue).

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Opponent-Process Theory

A theory that suggests color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems:a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.

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Feature Detectors

Neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

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Afterimages

Visual sensations that remain after the original stimulus has been removed.

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Ganglion cells

Neurons in the retina that receive input from photoreceptors and transmit visual information to the brain.

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Dichromatism

A color vision deficiency where individuals can only perceive two colors.

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Monochromatism

A condition where individuals can only perceive one color due to a lack of color receptors.

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Prosopagnosia

A neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

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Blindsight

A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them.

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Parallel Processing

The ability of the brain to process multiple aspects of a stimulus simultaneously.

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Frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, related to pitch in sound.

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Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound, determining how high or low it sounds.

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Amplitude

The height of a wave, which determines the loudness of a sound.

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Middle Ear

The air-filled space between the