APEH unit 3: Christian Reformations

Erasmus

Author of The Praise of Folly, criticizes Church practices with sarcasm, initially unnoticed by the Church.

Thomas More

Author of Utopia, envisions a society without monarchy and with equal wealth distribution.

Martin Luther

Wrote the 95 Theses, leading to the split of Christianity.

Diet of Worms

Trial where Luther refuses to retract his heretical beliefs, leading to his condemnation.

Anabaptists

Advocate for church-state separation, practice of adult baptism, and reject violence in the name of God.

Henry VIII

King of England who establishes Anglicanism to divorce and remarry for a male heir.

Calvinists

Followers of John Calvin's strict version of Christianity, believe in predestination and lived under a theocracy in Geneva.

Zwinglian Reformation

Led by Ulrich Zwingli, challenges Catholic beliefs like transubstantiation in Switzerland.

Council of Trent

A 14-year council called by Pope Paul III aiming to counter the spread of Protestantism by

Capuchins, Ursulines, Jesuits

Groups that emerged during the Catholic Church reformation, missionaries, educated on Catholicism

Pluralism

When Church officials would take the title of multiple jobs

Edict of Worms

Elector of Saxony/Frederick the Wise agrees with Luther and hides him away

Anglicans

Followers of Henry VIII’s church, much like christianity

Huguenots

French Calvinists,

Politiques

Group that believed the strength of the state was more important than religion during the 16th Century

Massacre of Vassy

Huguenots are killed at the order of a duke of the Guise

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Huguenots gather in France for the wedding of their leader, Henry of Navarre and the Catholic sister of Charles XI, resulting in 3 days of killing thousands of Huguenots

War of the Three Henrys

Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre vy for the French throne

Edict of Nantes

Declared France was a Catholic State, but Huguenots could freely practice their religion without persecution

Henry IV

Ruler of France that brings more religious tolerance by establishing the Edict of Nantes

Philip II

Ruler of Spain, wants to reinforce Catholicism and remove protestant influence in Netherlands and England

Iconoclasm

Dutch destroy the religious images in Catholicism, causes them to be persecuted by Philip II

William of Orange

leader of Dutch Calvinists, leads the Netherlands to be independent from Spain’s rule

Spanish Inquisition

In Spain, all non-Roman Catholics through torture and persecutions

Elizabeth I

Establishes religious tolerance in England, Protestant, gave more rights to Parliament

Peace of Augsburg

1555, allows princes of territories in the Holy Roman Empire to choose between being Catholic or Lutheran (Protestant)

Pogroms

Organized massacres of Jews because of religion

Puritans

Followers of the Anglican Church that wanted to cleanse of Catholicism

Indulgences

business within the church, which were fines that Christians needed to pay in order to be forgiven for their sins and granted salvation

Transubstantiation

the belief that the bread and wine become Jesus’s blood and body, a sacrament

Millenarianism

Anabaptists believed that the end of the world was approaching and their worship place, Munster, would become the New Jerusalem.