APEH unit 3: Christian Reformations

Protestant Reformation:

Erasmus: Author of The Praise of Folly, writes about the issues regarding the Church’s practices. The sarcasm in his writing is too complex for the church to understand and humorous for the people, allowing him to get away with it for a while before people begin to bring it to the Church’s attention.

Thomas Moore: Italian humanist that is devoted to the Catholic Church Part of the Reformation and the Enlightenment movement. Author of Utopia. His ideal society is one where there is no monarch and the wealth is distributed equally within the society. People worked nine hours a day and were able to provide for themselves.

He declines the King of Henry (England) as the head of his own church. People are irrational and very loyal to their religion.

Martin Luther: He had attended to become a lawyer and on his way to college, he was stuck in a violent storm. Convinced he was going to die, he prays to God and says if he survives, he will devote his life to God and the Church.

When he lives, he becomes a monk. HOWEVER, with his skills from law school, he criticizes the Church. He knows something is super wrong and creates a list of all of his complaints called 95 Theses.

95 Theses -

The Church has a good relationship with the Holy Roman emperor. The Holy Roman Emperor calls Luther to answer for his Heresy

Diet of Worms: Trial of Luther’s heresy. Roman Emperor him a chance to refuse his accusations against the church, but he stands with his acts of heresy. He is claimed guilty and they come up with a punishment.

Edict of Worms: A nobles agrees with Luther’s claims and hides him away.

People that hid Luther’s work in their homes and were caught were punished to death and were called a heretic by the Church. The government makes Luther’s work illegal to associate with, but this makes people want to read it more.

Luther causes a split of Christianity into different branches: Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans. He wants God to be the focus, not politics or power.

John Calvin:

Anabaptists: Praise the separation between the Church and the state. Similar to the modern Amish. Communities are in the middle of nowhere so they are not bothered and they can live without bothering anyone.

• adult baptism: You should understand your covenant before devoting your life to it because you are also committing to a community of people that is strictly secluded.

• Anti-violent and do not use weapons to fight in the name of God.

• Full of themselves, smug, and believe they are the chosen people of God.

• They move into the city of Munster and declare that the end of the world is near.

Lutherans and the Catholics unite and execute many protestants.

Henry VIII: Henry VIII is the king of England.

It’s imperative to have a male child to inherit the kingdom, so he is very popular with having children. To have an easy passing between generations, he has children with many royal families.

He created his own branch, called the Anglicans.. People are allowed get a divorce, which Henry VIII uses to divorce Catherine, his wife. He marries someone fertile.

Fathers many daughters.

Calvinists: John Calvin’s version of Christianity. Very strict and governs people like a government. All vices that were illegal in the Church also applied to life in the city of Geneva. Even if you were not Calvinists, you were required to follow the law.

They believe in predestination.. Everything is under God’s pre-determined will. You cannot change your faith

• Christian / Northern Renaissance Humanism

• major goal is the reform of Christianity

• All humanists we're united because of their knowledge of the classics

• The idea of humanism (belief that humans have the ability to improve themselves) further motivated their reform movements.

• Education of the early christian scriptures was believed to bring true piety inside of everyone,

  Spread into Scandinavia:

• Lutheranism allows countries to develop advantages. Catholic church is the largest land owner in Europe

• Converting to Protestant had monetary and land benefits. Protestant countries did not care if you were called a heretic. It became a safe haven for people that were hated by the Church.

Zwinglian Reformation

• under Ulrich Zwingli, fan of Luther

• Disagrees with Luther’s position regarding transubstantiation

• He openly preaches Luther’s ideas in Switzerland. City Administrators are worried because the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and his troops are going to come for him

• Zwingli asks Luther to help him when the Roman Emperor murders everyone. Zwingli is dismembered and displayed around the HRE to intimidate people and a message that people should not praise Protestant beliefs or else they will be punished. Luther leaves him to die because of the sole fact they disagree on Transubstantiation.

Reforms in Protestant Churches

• Simple worship place with no music

• Catholic priests are allowed to have intercourse

• Worship having relationships because they embrace that God has granted them the desire to have love and lust

Reform of the Catholic Church

• Division in Europe cause a division of the Church groups.

Capuchins: church hippies that preach in public places and where the homeless people are.

Ursulines: women group that could read and write. Nuns that ran nun-training academies.

Jesuits: Devoted Missionaries spread Christianity to where it is not prominent. Cultural destruction: people began to force their ideas of religion to people that did not want it.

Election of Paul the VI:

• First pope that understands why people were leaving; cause of the Church’s conditions. He takes steps to reforms

• Council of Trent: had lasted for 14 years.

• Goals of the council: stop the spread of Protestant religions, Win back people to Roman Catholicism, and if they don’t come back, kill them

• They fail badly .

• BAD: Only clergy are allowed to interpret the bible. No one could talk about their interpretation of ideas. Sacraments are required.

• GOOD: indulgences are banned, it is established that business doesn’t belong in the Church

Reactions to the Council of Trent:

Violence in France

French society consists of 10% Huguenots and the rest Roman Catholics. Of the nobility, nearly 50% of people are Huguenots.

Politiques believed decisions should not be supported by religion, but should be based on running the French nation. Bloodshed causes people to become a politique. Catholic Mmajority didn’t wanna do anything.

Catherine de’Medici rules for Charles saw it as a threat of her power

Massacre of Vassy: Huguenots (french calvinists) are ordered to be killed by a duke of the Guise Family. Fought for 10 years until

St BArtholomew’s day massacre

Catholic Sister of Charles IX and Henry of Navarre

Many Huguenots come to France for their wedding, however, Charles IX orders a purge for 3 days, killingmillions of huguenots

Henry of Navarre saved his life by converting to Catholicism

He converts back to Calvinism after the war of the three Henrys

Henry (Guise) Henry III Henry of Navarre

Guise took french throne with the help of the spanish throne They assasinate each other. in 1859, Henry III is assasinated and henry of navarre is for the throne. He is calvinists, but realizes it would be better if he was catholic and converts again.

Henry IV: he brings more religious tolerance into france

Edict of Nantes: France is a Catholic State, Huguenots could freely worship and practice Calvinism without the fear of being punished

Spain

ruled by the Habsburgs, CAtholic

Philip II

Ottoman in power of the Byzantine, because they took over Constantinople.

Spain with the help of the King of Poland and the Duke of Lorraine repell Ottoman

Philip II wants to restore Catholicism. Wants to get rid of protestant influence in the netherlands and england. Persecutes them because of iconoclasm

Netherlands: Calvinist, Charles V (his father) is chill.

Iconoclasm: Dutch Calvinists begin to ruin the catholic images

William of Orange: leader of Dutch Calvinist, become independent of Spanish rule

Spain’s problem with England:

Elizabeth I: all about Protestant and supports the Dutch. Philip sends Spanish armada.

Henry Valois III: current ruler of France in 1500

Henry of Navarre: bourbon protestant and huguenot

Henry, Duke of Guise: hardcore Catholic

War between the Henrys

• DOG tells King Charles’ sister to catfish Henry of Navarre.

• Navarre and all of the Huguenots come to France, they begin to kill all of them

• Navarre is spared and forced to recant (apologize for believing in the Protestant religion)

• King Charles dies of tuberculois and his younger brother takes over (Henry Valois III)

• DOG plans to hire someone to assassinate him, so that he can get the crown

• Valois also sets up an assassin.

• As they fight, their assasins kill their targets successfully. They both die and Henry of Navarre takes the throne.

• It was good because Navarre understood other religions besides Catholicism.

Catholicism in Spain

Spanish Inquisition: Anyone who wasn’t Roman Catholic Christians were persecuted. Trials for heresy were public. Alleged heretics were dressed up like moron so that they were embarrassed. The audience was allowed to spit, throw things, and call you names (even if you were innocent).

Priests ran the torture directed towards people guilty of Heresy against the church. Spain began to spread around the world. Philip of Spain wants England.

Queen of England was born, child of Henry VIII, Mary hates her father for beheading her mother. She wanted to tear down the Anglican Church. She wants to marry Philip of Spain, but she dies and is replaced by her half sister…Elizabeth..

Elizabeth I: Ruling for the benefit of her people, very selfless, England’s greatest monarch. Philip of Spain really wants to marry her, but she refuses because it’ll be bad for her people. He would try to take over and have absolute power.

SPANISH ARMADA!!!

Elizabeth pays people to break away from Spain. When Philip finds out, he is furious and comes to England with lots of warships to kill all the non-Roman Catholics. They had all the supplies for war. The Dutch, who are funded by Elizabeth to leave Spain, held the English. Spanish Armada is a super huge failure.

Thirty Years’ War:

1555 Peace of Augsburg gave some relligous toleration in the HRE allowing for either Catholic or Protestant (lutherans)

Calvinism and Lutheran were related but different strings of Protestant

When Catholic Ferdinand rises to power of Calvinist territory in Bohemia trying to switch to Catholicism again, comes the Defenestration of Prague.

There are four phases of the 30 years war. Motives of war switch from religious to primarily political

Bohemian: HRE and Catholic Ferdinand II defeat Frederick I in the Battle of White mountain

Danish:King Christian IV of Denmark leads the protestant because he was involved in and anti-catholic and anti-Hapsburg alliance with the English

Swedish: war extends beyond the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. King Gustavus Adolphus leads Sweden and wins a victory for the Protestants

France financially aids the protestants even though they are catholic. It it more political and they want to ensure the downfall of the Hapsburg.

French: France enters the war with the Protestants and fought with Spain to make sure the defeat of the Hapsburgs

In 1648, PEace of Westphalia

1. marked the end of religious wars in Europe

2. Peace of Augssburg inclludes Calvinism

3. marked the end of universal christendom

4. lept emperor weak and rulers of individual states strong (which leads to the collapse of empire)

Counter Reformation:

• want to react to the Protestant complaints

• Protestant complain: simony, indulgences, immorality of priests and bishops

• Jesuits by Ignatius of Loyola about Catholicism, Roman inquisiton to get rid of heretics in

• Ursulines- female order with the same purpose. missionaries

Council of Trent: Pope Paul III

• supressed simony

• celibacy

• indulgences couldnt be used by priests for personal purchases, but not banned

Outcomes of the Council of Trent

• salvation by faith AND works

• Transubstantiation, denied by the P

• seven sacraments, p only like 2

• equal authority of church dogma and the bible, p only believed in the latter

Social Hierachies and Social Norms

• class, religion, and gender

• Rise of merchant relief, coould rise up classes

• The presitgge of land owner ship was waning, but still had power

• In terms in religon, ir was important what you believed in

• Jews were systematically persecuted : pogroms

• Person place in society was determined by their gender. Patriarch: men dominated society

• Women were excluded in political manners, but renaissance began a questioning of their roles in life

• In france, querelles des femmes: Patriarchy is justfied, women were inferior to men by nature, however women appear less competent because they are robbed of oppurtunities

• Luther thought that woman must serve their husbands, while the anabaptists had many women in leadership.

• Carnival before lent