honor global chap one

Oligarchy

A system of government where a small elite group holds power.

Democracy

A system of government where the people rule.

Republic

A form of government in which elected representatives make decisions.

Civilization

A complex society characterized by cities, a centralized government, religion, social structures, writing, and art.

Factors leading to organized communities

Farming, food surplus, domestication, and rivers.

First ancient civilizations

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China.

Development of civilization in ancient India

Indus River cities, trade, planned urban life, and caste system.

Significance of first civilizations in China

Yellow River farming, dynasties, and early writing.

Rise of Ancient Greece

Caused by trade, democracy, and culture.

Fall of Ancient Greece

Caused by wars, invasions, and conflict.

Roman rule

Defined by laws (Twelve Tables), citizenship, military organization, and road building.

Difference between aristocracy and sultanate

Aristocracy is ruled by nobles; sultanate is ruled by a Muslim ruler with absolute power.

Two major civilizations after ancient empires

Mali in Africa (trade/Islam) and Maya/Aztec in the Americas (farming/religion).

Factors that helped the Arab Empire grow

Islam, trade, and military expansion.

Defining characteristics of African trading states

Gold-salt trade, presence of Islam, and powerful kingdoms.

Successes of Medieval Asia

Silk Road trade and technological advancements.

Challenges of Medieval Asia

Invasion by the Mongols.

Development of Europe after Rome

Transition to feudalism and the increased power of the Church.

Factors contributing to the success of the Byzantine Empire

Strong emperors, Constantinople as a trade center, and preservation of Roman/Greek culture.

Civilizations in the Americas before Europeans

Maya, Aztec, and Inca.

First civilization to implement democracy

Greece, specifically Athens.

India's social structure

Caste system; reincarnation justified social positions.

Rulers under whom Byzantium prospered

Justinian and others; success linked to Constantinople’s role as a trade center.

Rise after the Carolingian Empire

Feudalism became prominent, and nobles gained power.

Moral lesson in Livy’s story about Cincinnatus

Leaders should serve with duty and humility, rather than seeking personal power.

Importance of factual accuracy for historians

To preserve truth, while moral lessons in history teach values like courage and responsibility.

Influence of Greek and Roman civilizations on the West

Greece contributed democracy and philosophy; Rome contributed law, republic government, and engineering.

Judaism's influence on Western culture

Monotheism, moral law, and justice, shaping Christianity and Western ethics.

Reign under which the Songhai Empire prospered

Askia Muhammad, achieved through trade and strong governance.

Similarities between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Monotheism, Abrahamic roots, and shared moral codes.

Differences between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Sacred texts, beliefs about Jesus, and religious practices.

Causes of the fall of Rome and the Qin dynasty

Corruption, heavy taxes, and internal rebellion.

Characteristics of a civilization

Cities, writing, government, religion, social structure, and technology.

Difference between ancient and medieval civilizations

Ancient civilizations featured writing and the first empires; medieval civilizations were characterized by feudalism and the establishment of universities.