CP Bio Honors Chapter 6 (and 7)

What goes into glycolysis?

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

What is the product at the end of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, but the net gain is 2 ATP.

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol.

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

To break down glucose to pyruvate and release NADH.

Is glycolysis universal?

Yes, it occurs whether or not there is oxygen.

What is pyruvate?

A 3 carbon compound that is a product of glycolysis.

What goes into pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvate, coenzyme A, NAD+.

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2.

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A, releasing NADH and carbon dioxide due to the loss of one carbon.

What goes into the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD+, ADP.

What are the products of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2, ATP.

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA is converted to Citric Acid and loses electrons, producing NADH and FADH2.

What goes into the electron transport chain and ATP Synthase?

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, ATP, O2.

What are the products of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase?

ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O.

Where does the electron transport chain and ATP synthase occur?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is chemiosmosis?

H+ ions moving down ATP Synthase to produce ATP.

How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule through ATP Synthase?

30-38 ATP.

What is phosphorylation?

Adding a phosphate group to something.

What happens to brown fat cells when exposed to cold temperatures?

They lyse.

What does LEO stand for?

Loss of Electrons = Oxidation.

What does GER stand for?

Gain of Electrons = Reduction/redox.

What is the purpose of electron-carrying coenzymes?

To help in oxidation and reduction reactions.

grab electron, bring to the ETC

What is the cellular respiration reaction? Is it exergonic or endergonic?

C6H12 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP + heat. It is exergonic.

What is the most important molecule in order to not decay?

ATP.

What ultimately provides energy?

The sun.

What are the major parts of the mitochondria?

Cristae, mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane space, inner membrane, outer membrane.

Anaerobic conditions

refers to an environment lacking oxygen, where organisms rely on fermentation or anaerobic respiration for energy production.

aerobic reactions

Reactions that require oxygen to efficiently produce ATP through cellular respiration, primarily in the mitochondria.

What goes into lactic fermentation?

Glucose, which is broken down

what does lactic fermentation produce?

it produces ATP and lactic acid.

Alcoholic fermentation

A metabolic process that converts pyruvic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen, commonly used by yeast and some bacteria.

what goes into alcoholic fermentation?

pyruvic acid and NADH

what does alcohol fermentation produce?

It produces ATP, ethanol/ethyl alcohol, and carbon dioxide. it also regenerates NAD+

How can you prevent lactic acid buildup?

I can eat more ready-carbs a day before a physical activity. You can also build endurance and work out so your body grows used to it.

While light independent reactions don’t rely on the light, they do rely on the light- dependent reactions why?

the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions are needed to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in the Calvin cycle.

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to make G3P a full sugar?

The Calvin cycle must go around six times to produce enough G3P to form one full sugar molecule.

light dependent- reactions

occur during photosynthesis

require light to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

H2O + Light —> O2 + a little ATP + some NADPH

Light independent reactions

occurs during photosynthesis

do not require light to produce glucose, instead they use ATP and NADPH generated from light-dependent reactions.

ATP+NADPH+CO2 —> C6H12O6+ ADP + NADP

This is the Calvin Cycle

Describe how the ETC creates a H+ gradient across the inner membrane

High H+ in there Intermembrane space

Low H+ in the matric

Hydrogen wants to go to matrix but in order to do this, they need to go through a protein called ATP Synthase.

In product, 30-38 ATP is made

The bigger the concentration gradient and bigger difference, the more energy

QUIZ QUESTION

Things you HAVE to mention in order

How do plants get their energy they need to survive starting from the sun.

Sun+CO2+ Water (H2O), photosynthesis, Light reactions, chlorophyll, chloroplast, Photosystem II, ETC, Photosystem I, ATP, NADPH, CO2 —>Light Independent reaction, Calvin Cycle (6 times to make G3P a glucose molecule) Then, into Cellular respiration Glucose broken down by glycolysis (takes 2 ATP) to produce 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate then in the Mitochondria, they will be oxidized( pyruvate oxidation) by removing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and adding Coenzyme A, this creates Acetyl CoA, which in the Krebs cycle mixes with a compound and produces many electron carriers, which then get transported to the ETC, There, they electrons get dropped off and sent through the ETC while hydrogens are getting pumped into the inner membrane space. Electrons will combine with O2 and Hydrogen ions and create H2O then the extra hydrogens in the inner membrane space will be pumped through the ATP Synthase and 30-38 ATP will be made.

In the cellular respiration equation, what molecules are part of the light dependent reactions? 6CO2+6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

6 H2O, light, and 6 O2 ( Water, light, and oxygen)

In the cellular respiration equation, what molecules are part of the light independent reactions? 6CO2+6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

6 CO2, C6H12O6 (Carbon dioxide and glucose)

Where is the most acidic region of mitochondria?

inner membrane space

Where does the carbon come from for plants to make structures like leaves, stems, root, tree trunks, etc?

Carbon dioxide

what has to be removed from pyruvate to prep it for the Krebs cycle?

carbon dioxide

what reactant of photosynthesis is the source of oxygen product?

H2O

What “Ancient Enzyme” is sometime tricked into grabbing O2 instead of CO2

Rubiscu

what is the chemical that comes out of the Calvin cycle

G3P

what compound is added to pyruvate to prep for Krebs cycle?

Coenzyme A (it becomes Acetyl CoA)

Is production of ATP an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

endergonic reaction

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What does glycolysis translate to?

Sugar breaking

Another name for Krebs Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle

Reactants of Cellular Respiration

O2+ C6H12O6 (glucose and oxygen)

anaerobic step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

what structure allows gas exchange for a plant?

Stomata

what electron carriers is used during photosynthesis?

NADPH and NADP+

What pigment reflects greenlight?

Chlorophyll

what is the name given to organisms that cannot photosynthesize and consume their food

heterotrophs

what is the source of electrons that photosystems II and I excite?

H2O

The mitochondria likes to…

breath

Reactants of photosynthesis

CO2, H2O, sunlight

from photosynthetic equation, CO2 is the oxidized form of…

glucose (C6H12O6)

Where is G3P produced?

Stroma in chloroplast

what “calms” the electron between photosystem I and II

ETC

What is the name of the experiment that sealed candles, mice, and plants in jars?

Priestley’s experiment

Which type of plant will do light- dependent reactions at night?

CAM plants