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Lifespan Development
The study of the changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life.
Domains of Human Development
Different areas in human development including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.
Physical Domain
Includes height, weight, motor skills, brain development, puberty, and aging.
Cognitive Domain
Includes language development, thinking, learning, memory, and moral reasoning.
Psychosocial Domain
Encompasses psychological and social development, including emotions, personality, and relationships.
Continuous Development
A gradual process where development is a cumulative process.
Discontinuous Development
Development occurs in unique stages at specific times or ages.
One Course of Development
The idea that development is essentially the same for everyone and is universal.
Many Courses of Development
The concept that development varies based on individual genetics, environment, and culture.
Nature versus Nurture
The debate regarding the influence of biology versus environment on human development.
Prenatal Development
Development that occurs from conception to birth, comprising germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
Infancy and Toddlerhood
The developmental period from birth to two years.
Early Childhood
A stage of development from ages 2 to 5 or 6.
Middle Childhood
Developmental period from ages 6 to 11.
Adolescence
The stage of human development from ages 12 to 18.
Early Adulthood
A life stage encompassing late teens through thirties.
Middle Adulthood
A stage of development from ages 40 to mid-60s.
Late Adulthood
The stage starting at age 65 and continuing through the rest of life.
Baltes' Lifespan Perspective
A framework by Paul Baltes that studies development across the entire lifespan.
Lifelong Development
The understanding that development occurs throughout an individual's entire life.
Multidimensional Development
Development influenced by a combination of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.
Multidirectional Development
Development characterized by both gains and losses throughout life.
Plasticity in Development
The concept that human development is malleable and can change over time.
Contextual Influences
Factors like family, culture, and socioeconomic status that affect individual development.
Normative Age-Graded Influences
Biological and environmental events strongly correlated with age, like puberty.
Normative History-Graded Influences
Influences based on historical events, such as wars or technological advances.
Nonnormative Influences
Unpredictable life events not tied to a specific age or historical periods.
Cohort
A group of people born around the same time who experience similar influences.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A measure based on education, income, and occupation that affects lifestyles.
Culture
The shared practices and beliefs that shape individuals and their values.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
Cultural Relativity
The understanding and appreciation of cultural differences.
Multidisciplinary Approach
The incorporation of multiple fields to study lifespan development comprehensively.
Experiential Reality
Knowledge based on personal experience.
Agreement Reality
Knowledge based on cultural consensus or what others have shared.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to understanding phenomena through empirical research.
Random Sampling
A technique ensuring each participant has an equal chance of selection.
Quantitative Research
Research focusing on quantifying relationships and utilizing statistics.
Qualitative Research
Research grounded in exploring experiences and feelings.
Descriptive Studies
Research aimed at describing phenomena through various means like observation.
Correlational Research
Research testing if a relationship exists between two or more variables.
Experimental Research
Research designed to test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships.
Hawthorne Effect
The phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior when aware of being observed.
Longitudinal Research Design
Research measuring the same individuals repeatedly over time to assess changes.
Cross-Sectional Research Design
Research comparing participants of different ages at the same point in time.
Sequential Research Design
Research that includes elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.
Ethical Research Concerns
Considerations ensuring research is conducted ethically and with participant safety.
Informed Consent
Agreement by participants to engage in research after being informed of its nature.
Attrition
The loss of participants during a study, often impacting longitudinal research.
Selective Attrition
When specific groups of participants are more likely to drop out of a study.
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