Nervous System

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Endocrine System
* Chemicals (hormones)
* Slow and is carried by the bloodstream
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Nervous System
* A series of electrical impulses
* Rapid and is carried by nerves
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What is the purpose of the endocrine and nervous system?
Increase/decrease body activities to maintain homeostasis
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves connecting CNS to other body parts
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Autonomic Nervous System
Division of the PNS that controls automatic body functions
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Somatic Nervous System
Division of the PNS that control voluntary body functions
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Dendrites
* Branches of the neuron that receive input (stimulus)
* “__________ Listen”
* Can be hundreds per neuron
* Send nerve impulses __toward cell body__
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Cell Body (Soma)
* Contains nucleus and organelles
* Cytoplasm, mitochondria, etc.
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Nissl Bodies
* Make proteins
* repair/maintain neuron
* neurotransmitters
* Neuroglobin (stores O2)
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Axon
* Send impulses __away from cell body__
* “________ Speak”
* One axon per neuron
* Terminal Branches
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Myelin Sheath
* White matter surrounding parts of axon (not the dendrites or cell body)
* Consists of lipids, proteins, water
* Insulates axon and increases impulse speed
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When does myelination begin in human?
During the third trimester
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Nodes of Ranvier
* Gaps in myelin sheath
* Allows impulse to travel faster
* Impulse “jumps” from node to node
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Neurons
* Nerve cells
* Transmit impulses
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Sensory/Afferent Neurons
* Impulses to the CNS
* **“**__**A**__rriving at the CNS”
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Motor/Efferent Neurons
* Impulse away from the CNS
* “__**E**__xiting the CNS”
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Interneurons
Neurons found in CNS that connect two sections of the brain
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Glia Cells
* “Glue”
* Don’t transmit impulses
* Provide structural support and nutrient
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Microglia
A type of glia cells that are the immune system of the CNS (microbe eater)
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What causes Multiple Sclerosis?
* Microglia eat away at myelin causing a bumpy transmission of impulse
* Driving on a road with potholes
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Oligodendrocytes
* Glia cell that produces myelin in the CNS
* One cell that branches out to myelinate many axons
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Schwann Cells
* Produce myelin in PNS
* Only found on individual axons
* Not branched
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Astrocytes
* Star Cells
* Keep neurons near blood supply (access to nutrients)
* Make up the Blood Brain Barrier
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Glioma
* Most common type of brain tumor
* Tumor of a glia cell
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Action Potential
* Nerve impulse that travels along the axon
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When a neuron is at rest it is…
* Positive outside and negative inside
* Polarized
* Excess of Na+ on the outside
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Explain a nerve impulse
* Stimulus at dendrites triggers the opening of Na+ channels
* Na+ rushes in and depolarizes the membrane (inside is more positive than the outside at stimulated point)
* This then travels down the neuron and the impulse is complete
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Saltatory Conduction
* Impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next
* Latin for jump
* Much faster than impulse in non-myelinated section
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Synapse
The place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another