lecture 9 flashcards

Flashcards to help review lecture notes for an upcoming exam.

Taxonomy

The science of the classification of organisms.

Phylogenetic

Shows evolutionary/ancestry relationships between groups and provides a means of identifying organisms.

DNA sequence comparisons

Phylogenetic Classification Scheme

Reflects the actual ancestry (evolutionary relationships) between different organisms.

Phenetics

Classification of organisms based solely on observable characteristics, with the goal of identification and common language.

Monera

Unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria).

Protista

Unicellular eukaryotes (protozoa, algae).

Fungi

Multicellular heterotrophs with external digestion (yeasts, molds, mushrooms).

Plantae- Kingdom

Multicellular autotrophs (plants).

Animalia

Multicellular heterotrophs with internal digestion (animals).

Domain

A new level apart from Kingdom, based on the fact that cells are really of three fundamental types: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.

Eukarya

Eukaryotes.

Bacteria - Domain

Most bacteria.

Archaea

Archaebacteria - no peptidoglycan in cell walls, extreme environments and strange biochemistry.

Linnaean Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Species Name Denotation

Genus and species. This is called a binomial designation, and MUST BE underlined or italicized. Also, the genus name must be capitalized.

Bergey’s Manual of DETERMINATIVE Bacteriology

Uses the following characteristics in attempting to classify bacteria: Gram stain reaction (cell wall type), Cellular morphology (rod, coccus, etc.), Oxygen requirements (obligate anaerobe, etc.), Nutritional patterns (chemoautotrophs, etc.).

Mycoplasmas

Have no cell wall!

Archaebacteria Cell Walls

Have strange cell walls with no peptidoglycan.

Cyanobacteria

Aerobic photosynthesizers, primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Spirochetes

Spiral in shape, possess axial filament.

Enteric Bacteria

Facultatively anaerobic rods, often inhabit colon.

Chemoautotrophs

Usually oxidize reduced Sulfur, Iron, and Nitrogen Compounds, live in muddy sediments.

Pseudomonas

Ubiquitous, lives in soil and water, may cause food spoilage, opportunistic infections.

Staphylococcus

Cocci arranged in grapelike clusters, may cause food poisoning, wound infections, boils, toxic shock syndrome.

Streptococcus

Cocci arranged in linear chains, may cause sore throat and Scarlet Fever.

Archaebacteria division

Have unusual cell walls, no peptidoglycan. Extreme Halophiles: “salt-lovers”, Extreme Thermophiles: “heat-lovers”,Thermoacidophiles: “heat and acid lovers”, Methanogens: “CH4 producers”.

Bacterial Species Definition

A population of cells with similar characteristics. The current convention is that more than 3% difference in overall genome sequence reflects membership in a different species.

Viral Species Definition

A population of viruses that have similar characteristics.

Protista

Unicellular eukaryotes (protozoa, algae).

Fungi

Multicellular heterotrophs with external digestion (yeasts, molds, mushrooms).

Plantae- Kingdom

Multicellular autotrophs (plants).

Animalia

Multicellular heterotrophs with internal digestion (animals).

Staphylococcus

Cocci arranged in grapelike clusters, may cause food poisoning, wound infections, boils, toxic shock syndrome.

Binary Fission

Process by which bacteria reproduce asexually, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Conjugation

Transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium.