Diseases Exam Review

What is lung compliance?

The volume of air the lung will accomodate each pressure change

how is compliance and elastance related?

Inversely

During a physical exam what would pitted edema fall under?

Inspection and palpation

What is palpation?

the physical touch of a patient. Where you would you touch and feel the patients body

What is tracheal diviation?

The treachea diviatiing from the midline

How would the trachea present with a patient with a pneumothroax?

Away from the affected side

How would the trachea present with a patient with atelectasis?

Towards the affected side

What can also pull the trachea?

Elevated right hemidiaphragm

What is tactile fremitus?

The vibration you feel on the chest wall when a patient speaks.

It increases when lung tissue is consolidated (fluid, pus, tissue), like in pneumonia.

It decreases when air or fluid blocks transmission (pneumothorax, pleural effusion)

What indicates Respiratory distress?

Substernal intercostal retractions

What is airway resistance?

The pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli

What is JVD?

IAn increase in right atrial pressure due to pulmonary hypertension and left ventricular failure

What does JVD indicate?

Increase pressure in the vena cavas

Green, foul smelling sputum indicates?

Pseudomonas infection

Patient comes in with hypothermia how would their O2 consumption present?

Increased O2 consumption

If a patient has pneumonia the clear transmission of 99 indicates"?

Consolidation

Factorys that influence inflatory patterns include?

Receptors, hering-breuer inflation relfex, pain, and anxiety

What are the signs of hypothermia?

hypotension and disorientation

When doing a examination on a COPD patient what would you see

Diminished breath sounds,

difficulty in taking deep breaths

Increased AP diameter (barrel chest)

hyperesonant due to air trapping

What are the few sounds you would chart when ausculating?

Hyperesonance, Resonance, and Hyporesonance

Hyperesonance indicates?

loud, booming percussion sound heard over areas with increased air in the lungs.

Which patients would have Hyperesonance?

Emphysema / COPD, Pneumothorax, Acute asthma exacerbation

Hyporesonance indicates?

a dull or reduced resonance sound heard on percussion, due to a decrease air in the tissues

Which patients would have Hyporesonance?

Consolidation (e.g., pneumonia)

Atelectasis

Pleural effusion

Pulmonary fibrosis

Tumor or mass

Which assesment is done to help assess fremitus?

Palpation (increased with secretions/tissues, decreased with

air), tenderness, respiratory muscle tone, and chest wall abnormalities.

What structural changes can occur caused by trauma or diseases?

Atelectasis, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchospasms, and obstructive diseases

What is an obstructive diease?

Easy to get air in, hard to get it out

What is a restrictive disease?

Hard to get air in, easy to get air out

Why would a patient start pursed lip breathing?

decrease WOB

open their airways

improve airflow

an increased V/Q ration indicates

destruction of pulomary blood vessels

increase ventilation

decreased CO

Decrease V/Q ration indicates?

Restrictive lung disease, pneumonia, and hypoventilation

when doing a cough assessment what do you look for?

Color

consistency

odor

What conditions causes decrease lung volume?

Kyphoscoliosis and pneumonia

What is venous admixture?

The mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood that bypass the alveoli

What is an anatomical shut

Blood that flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without contacting the alveoli

• 4-6% of the blood is shunted normally in all individuals

• caused by congenital heart defects

when going into questioning a patient how would you question them?

Open-ended questions

When interveiwing a patient what do you want to gather?

Subjective data

Symptoms that causes tachypnea

Hypoxemua and hyperthermia

Subjecive data vs objective data

Subjective: What the patient says/ feels

Objective: observed by the provider, measured, and verified